Lipid Responses in Mildly Hypertriglyceridemic Men and Women to Consumption of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enriched Eggs

Abstract

This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial assessed lipid responses in mildly hyper-triglyceridemic men and women to consumption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched eggs or ordinary chicken eggs. The study included 153 subjects aged 21-80 years, with serum triglyceride concentrations between 140 and 450 mg/dL, inclusive, and serum total cholesterol concentrations < 300 mg/dL. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either DHA-enriched (147 mg DHA/egg) or ordinary eggs (20 mg DHA/egg), added to their usual diets for six weeks (10 eggs/week). Both treatments significantly lowered triglycerides and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels from baseline; however, these changes were not significantly different between treatments. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations increased significantly in subjects who consumed DHA-enriched eggs (p = 0.047 vs. control). This increase was significantly higher than that observed with ordinary eggs. However, there was no significant increase in cholesterol carried by small, dense LDL particles, as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Results of exploratory analyses suggest favorable effects of the DHA-enriched eggs over ordinary eggs on triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels in subjects with body mass index > or = 30 kg/m2; the DHA treatment produced a larger reduction in serum triglyceride concentration vs. ordinary eggs (-12.3 vs. 2.1%; p = 0.027), and there was a greater increase for HDL cholesterol in the DHA-enriched vs. ordinary egg group (5.0 vs. 1.1%; p = 0.040).

Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids as inflammation-modulating and lipid homeostasis influencing nutraceuticals: A review

“…PPARa activation, and inhibition of the SREBP-1 signaling pathway stimulates FA b-oxidation and inhibits FA synthesis, with the final result of decreased serum TAG (Jump, 2008), which confirm also clinical studies (Maki et al, 2003). PPARa is generally expressed in the tissues metabolizing fatty acids (Hsu & Huang, 2007), but EPA/DHA suppresses expression of the genes coding for the lipogenic enzymes in a much higher extent in the liver than in the adipose tissue (Duran-Montgé , Theil, Lauridsen, & Esteve-Garcia, 2009).…”

“…Regarding enriched eggs, the breakfast with the liquid egg product containing fish oil that provided 1.3 g of EPA/DHA per day decreased plasma TAG by 32% after 21 day application in healthy males with moderately elevated TAG levels, and moderately reduced blood pressure; no effects on total-and LDL-cholesterol were observed (Rose & Holub, 2006). Maki et al (2003) evaluated lipid responses in mildly hypertriacylglyceridemic subjects to consumption of DHA-enriched eggs in comparison with ordinary eggs (daily intake 210 and 30 mg of DHA, respectively). Consumption of the DHA-eggs decreased plasma TAG by 8% and increased total-, HDL-and LDL-cholesterol by 2%, 3.5% and 5%, respectively.…”

Vitamin D3Supplementation Has No Effect on Conventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled RCT

“…Interindividual variation in these measures has been shown to range from 10 -20% (27,28). Covariate adjustment would reduce this to 5-10%, indicating that 75 participants per treatment group would give sufficient experimental power (90%) to detect intervention effects of 5-7%.…”

Effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on expression of rat liver genes controlling cholesterol homeostasis and on plasma cholesterol level

“…Fish oil (FO) in the rat diet decreased plasma TC in most of the recent studies (Lu et al 2011;Ferramosca et al 2012;Xiao et al 2012). On the other hand, regarding studies in humans, EPA/DHA either reduced TC and LDL-C (Lopez-Huertas 2009) or increased both TC and LDL-C and HDL-C (Maki et al 2003) or no change in TC and slight increases in HDL-C and LDL-C, respectively were established (Eslick et al 2009). …”