Lipid profile in people with Down Syndrome: a literature review

Almeida, Eloise Werle de; Greguol, Márcia

doi:10.7322/jhgd.v30.9968

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For many years, CVD in individuals with DS has been considered a marginal problem [ 7 ]. However, with the improvement in life expectancy, an assessment of the risk and development of CVD in this group has become an urgent and important issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies indicate a coexistence of DS with an unfavorable lipid profile, including an increased concentration of triglycerides (TG) and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [ 1 ]. Some studies indicate levels considered normal for these parameters [ 7 ]. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies concerning the advanced aspects of lipoprotein disturbances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lipid Profile, Lp(a) Levels, and HDL Quality in Adolescents with Down Syndrome

Krzesińska

Kłosowska

Sałaga-Zaleska

et al. 2022

JCM

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The improvement in the lifespan of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has created interest in the context of the development of age-related diseases. Among them is atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular disease (CVD), which seems to be an especially urgent and important issue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the lipid markers that may clarify cardiovascular risk profiles in individuals with DS. To this end, we analyzed lipid profile parameters, including lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels, protein composition, and the antioxidative properties of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), in 47 adolescents with DS and 47 individuals without DS. Compared with the control group (C), subjects with DS had significantly increased concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (105 ± 31 vs. 90 ± 24 mg/dL, p = 0.014), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (120 ± 32 vs. 103 ± 26 mg/dL, p = 0.006), and triglycerides (72 [55–97] vs. 60 [50–77] mg/dL, p = 0.048). We found that patients with DS were characterized by significantly higher Lp(a) levels (31.9 [21.5–54.3] vs. 5.2 (2.4–16.1) mg/dL, p < 0.001). In fact, 57% of individuals with DS had Lp(a) levels above 30 mg/dL, which was approximately four times higher than those in the control group (DS 57% vs. C 15%). Apart from decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the subjects with DS (53 ± 11 vs. 63 ± 12 mg/dL, p < 0.001), differences in parameters showing the quality of HDL particles were observed. The concentrations of the main proteins characterizing the HDL fraction, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein A-II, were significantly lower in the DS group (144 ± 21 vs. 181 ± 33 mg/dL, p < 0.001; 33 ± 6 vs. 39 ± 6 mg/dL, p < 0.001, respectively). No significant differences between the groups were observed for the concentration of paraoxonase-1 (DS 779 ± 171 vs. C 657 ± 340 ng/mL, p = 0.063), enzyme activities toward paraoxon (DS 219 [129–286] vs. C 168 [114–272] IU/L, p = 0.949), or phenyl acetate (DS 101 ± 20 vs. C 93 ± 21 kIU/L, p = 0.068). There were no differences in myeloperoxidase activity between the study groups (DS 327 [300–534] vs. C 426 [358–533] ng/mL, p = 0.272). Our results are the first to demonstrate an unfavorable lipid profile combined with higher Lp(a) levels and quality changes in HDL particles in individuals with DS. This sheds new light on cardiovascular risk and traditional healthcare planning for adolescents with DS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Profile, Lp(a) Levels, and HDL Quality in Adolescents with Down Syndrome

Krzesińska

Kłosowska

Sałaga-Zaleska

et al. 2022

JCM

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“…Individuals with DS are characterized by impaired lipid metabolism [ 221 ] and alterations in the brain’s lipidomic profile, which are associated with a decrease in plasma-membrane fluidity, an important biological parameter affecting membrane biochemical and physiological properties [ 222 ]. The most frequent changes in the dyslipidemia of DS are low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and elevated levels of triglycerides (see [ 223 ]). The levels of carnitine, which transports long-chain FAs to mitochondria, are reduced in DS children [ 224 ].…”

Section: Fatty Acids and Down Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acids: A Safe Tool for Improving Neurodevelopmental Alterations in Down Syndrome?

Martı́nez-Cué

Bartesaghi

2022

Nutrients

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The triplication of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome (DS), a genetic disorder that is characterized by intellectual disability (ID). The causes of ID start in utero, leading to impairments in neurogenesis, and continue into infancy, leading to impairments in dendritogenesis, spinogenesis, and connectivity. These defects are associated with alterations in mitochondrial and metabolic functions and precocious aging, leading to the early development of Alzheimer’s disease. Intense efforts are currently underway, taking advantage of DS mouse models to discover pharmacotherapies for the neurodevelopmental and cognitive deficits of DS. Many treatments that proved effective in mouse models may raise safety concerns over human use, especially at early life stages. Accumulating evidence shows that fatty acids, which are nutrients present in normal diets, exert numerous positive effects on the brain. Here, we review (i) the knowledge obtained from animal models regarding the effects of fatty acids on the brain, by focusing on alterations that are particularly prominent in DS, and (ii) the progress recently made in a DS mouse model, suggesting that fatty acids may indeed represent a useful treatment for DS. This scenario should prompt the scientific community to further explore the potential benefit of fatty acids for people with DS.

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“…Recently, there have been scientific studies that may suggest that significant and known risk factors for CVD and AS have been observed among people with DS: diabetes [ 43 , 44 ], obesity [ 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 ] and hypertension [ 44 ], and lipid disorders [ 48 , 49 ]. At the same time, it has been shown that PWDS have a lower incidence of AS [ 41 , 44 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ]. Additionally, lower BPs at rest may have a protective role against the development of atherosclerosis in PWDS [ 53 , 57 ].…”

Section: Down Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Population with Down Syndrome: Obesity and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Their Assessment Using Omics Techniques—Review

Hetman

Barg

2022

Biomedicines

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People with Down syndrome (PWDS) are more at risk for developing obesity, oxidative stress disorders, metabolic disorders, and lipid and carbohydrate profile disorders than the general population. The presence of an additional copy of genes on chromosome 21 (i.e., the superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1) and gene coding for the cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) enzyme) raises the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). As a result of disorders in metabolic processes and biochemical pathways, theoretically protective factors (low homocysteine level, high SOD1 level) do not fulfil their original functions. Overexpression of the CBS gene leads to the accumulation of homocysteine—a CVD risk factor. An excessive amount of protective SOD1, in the case of a lack of compensatory increase in the activity of catalase and peroxidase, leads to intensifying free radical processes. The occurrence of metabolic disorders and the amplified effect of oxidative stress carries higher risk of exposure of people with DS to CVD. At present, classic predispositions are known, but it is necessary to identify early risk factors in order to be able to employ CVD and obesity prophylaxis. Detailed determination of the metabolic and lipid profile may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying CVD.

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Lipid profile in people with Down Syndrome: a literature review

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Lipid Profile, Lp(a) Levels, and HDL Quality in Adolescents with Down Syndrome

Lipid Profile, Lp(a) Levels, and HDL Quality in Adolescents with Down Syndrome

Fatty Acids: A Safe Tool for Improving Neurodevelopmental Alterations in Down Syndrome?

Pediatric Population with Down Syndrome: Obesity and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Their Assessment Using Omics Techniques—Review

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