Pediatric Population with Down Syndrome: Obesity and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Their Assessment Using Omics Techniques—Review

Abstract

People with Down syndrome (PWDS) are more at risk for developing obesity, oxidative stress disorders, metabolic disorders, and lipid and carbohydrate profile disorders than the general population. The presence of an additional copy of genes on chromosome 21 (i.e., the superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1) and gene coding for the cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) enzyme) raises the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). As a result of disorders in metabolic processes and biochemical pathways, theoretically protective factors (low homocysteine level, high SOD1 level) do not fulfil their original functions. Overexpression of the CBS gene leads to the accumulation of homocysteine—a CVD risk factor. An excessive amount of protective SOD1, in the case of a lack of compensatory increase in the activity of catalase and peroxidase, leads to intensifying free radical processes. The occurrence of metabolic disorders and the amplified effect of oxidative stress carries higher risk of exposure of people with DS to CVD. At present, classic predispositions are known, but it is necessary to identify early risk factors in order to be able to employ CVD and obesity prophylaxis. Detailed determination of the metabolic and lipid profile may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying CVD.

Endocrine, auxological and metabolic profile in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: from infancy to the first steps into adult life

“…This increased incidence is likely to be related to predisposition to peripheral insulin resistance and declining β-cell function as a consequence of obesity and reduced physical activity ( 105 ). Indeed, though fat mass index, percentage of body fat, and lean BMI are superimposable in adolescents with and without DS, syndromic individuals show lower lean body mass for a given BMI Z score compared to general population.…”

Exploring the Complex Interplay of Obesity, Allergic Diseases, and Sleep-Disordered Breathing In Children

“…An underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) and a naturally slower metabolism can both reduce the body's ability to burn calories. Additionally, consuming more calories than what's expended through physical activity creates a calorie surplus that can lead to weight gain [23]. Consequently, the prevalence of OSA in children with DS is significantly higher than in the general population [24].…”

Exploring the Complex Interplay of Obesity, Allergic Diseases, and Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Children

“…Several physiological processes can contribute to this heightened risk. The increased susceptibility to obesity in children with DS is believed to stem from a combination of factors, including a diminished metabolic rate, decreased levels of physical activity, and suboptimal dietary practices [36]. An underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) and a naturally slower metabolism can diminish the body's capacity to burn calories.…”