Life Cycle Analysis of Natural Gas Extraction and Power Generation

Abstract

Life Cycle Analysis of Natural Gas Extraction and Power Generation 3 Upstream Data Upstream data include the supply shares of natural gas and coal, as well as the energy requirements and material flows for the key activities for extraction, processing, and transport. These data are used to model the RMA and RMT stages in NETL's natural gas and coal models. 3.1 Natural Gas The primary unit processes of this model are based on data compiled by NETL. Secondary unit processes, such as production of construction materials besides steel, are based on third party data. Appendix A includes details on how these data are assembled in a model and references the detailed documentation in NETL's unit process library. Where data for the inventory are available, high and low values are collected, along with an expected value. When results are presented, three cases are shown: an expected case, a high case, and a low case. The high and low results (error bars on the results) are a deterministic representation of the variability on the data and not indicative of an underlying distribution or likelihood. 3.1.1 Sources of Natural Gas This inventory and analysis includes results for natural gas domestically extracted from seven sources in the lower 48 states:

Carbon footprint of global natural gas supplies to China

“…Well-to-city-gate LCA model of natural gas supply in China. In this study, the well-to-city-gate life-cycle assessment (LCA) model of natural gas supply was compiled by integrating efforts from the National Energy Technology Laboratory's modeling of natural gas extraction, processing, and transmission 20,21 with Argonne National Laboratory's GREET ® model for LNG storage, LNG shipping, and offsite generation of fuels and electricity 19 , as well as other studies on gas liquefaction 17,23,[34][35][36][37][38] , LNG regasification 38,39 , and model adjustments 7,9,23,26,[40][41][42][43][44] (see Supplementary Note 1 for details). The model applies field-specific inputs to empirical engineering modeling of each unit process (e.g., well drilling in the extraction stage, amine gas treatment in the gas processing stage, etc.)…”

“…Significant differences in well-to-city-gate emissions occur between gas supplies from diverse sources with different characteristics 20,21 . These differences exist not only across countries or extraction techniques but also among individual fields with distinct geological conditions, raw gas composition, market distances, etc.…”

“…These differences exist not only across countries or extraction techniques but also among individual fields with distinct geological conditions, raw gas composition, market distances, etc. [20][21][22][23] . An engineering-based analysis considering the heterogeneity of individual fields is required to identify underlying drivers of the variability of emissions.…”

Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Marine Fuels: A Case Study of Saudi Crude Oil versus Natural Gas in Different Global Regions

“…) and (2) calculate the reservoir CO 2 emissions from feed gas treatment based on pipeline gas CO 2 content of 0.47 wt% (Skone et al. , Table 3‐2). These adjustments increased the original GHG inventory by a total of 4%.…”

Multicriteria decision support to evaluate potential long-term natural gas supply alternatives: The case of Greece

“…Though a degree of uncertainty has emerged recently, concerning upstream Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Bradbury et. al., 2013;Skone et. al, 2014;Jaramillo et.…”