As natural gas demand surges in China, driven by the coal-to-gas switching policy, widespread attention is focused on its impacts on global gas supply-demand rebalance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Here, for the first time, we estimate well-to-city-gate GHG emissions of gas supplies for China, based on analyses of field-specific characteristics of 104 fields in 15 countries. Results show GHG intensities of supplies from 104 fields vary from 6.2 to 43.3 g CO 2 eq MJ −1 . Due to the increase of GHG-intensive gas supplies from Russia, Central Asia, and domestic shale gas fields, the supply-energy-weighted average GHG intensity is projected to increase from 21.7 in 2016 to 23.3 CO 2 eq MJ −1 in 2030, and total well-to-city-gate emissions of gas supplies are estimated to grow by~3 times. While securing gas supply is a top priority for the Chinese government, decreasing GHG intensity should be considered in meeting its commitment to emission reductions.
At high solar concentration, subtle optical and electrical effects in combination can have a substantial impact on photovoltaic power (PV) generation. We have identified such an effect through its clear signature: a "ripple" in the output current with respect to the pointing angle of the concentrated PV (CPV) system to sun direction. At small angular misalignment, this effect can lower cell current by as much as 15% at 1600x concentration in full sun. At medium concentration between 500 and 1000x, while not as clearly visible in single cells, the effect also reduces output by a smaller amount. The disappearance of the "ripple" signature at low concentrations below 300x indicates that the effect is not a linear effect, such as a light loss. We attribute the pronounced angular sensitivity of power output at high concentrations to a combination of inhomogeneous spectral irradiation incident on the multijunction solar cell and of the impact of the finite lateral resistance of the cell.
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