Leadership, stress and burnout among basketball referees

Abstract

The study analyses leadership styles and their influence on burnout and stress among basketball referees, applying a non-probabilistic sampling, convenience sampling, to 61 referees, 85.2% men, 14.8% women. Descriptive analysis, correlations and hierarchical multiple regression models were performed. By applying the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire MLQ-5, Inventario de Burnout en deportistas Revisado IBD-R [Revised Athlete Burnout Inventory], and Escala de Estrés en el Ámbito Deportivo EEAD [Stress Scale for Sports]. Moderate stress level (26-50) as well as burnout (50-60). Transformational leadership is associated with low levels of stress (p=.003) and high levels of personal accomplishment (p= .026). The developer style, inverse and significant effect (p= .013) with stress. Corrective leadership is associated with low levels of stress (p=.005) and high personal accomplishment (p= .019) and emotional exhaustion (p= .006) of burnout. Passive leadership is associated with high levels of stress (p= .013) and low levels of personal accomplishment (p = .023). As a conclusion, referees mainly apply transformational leadership associated with low levels of stress and high levels of personal accomplishment. They have moderate level of stress and burnout, while there are differences between those at the national level and those at the local-regional level, in addition there are differences regarding the role played, in relation to stress.

Analysis of Burnout and Psychosocial Factors in Grassroot Football Referees

“…To this problem of a lack of research, we must add the particular case of the grassroots football referee [33], numerous and out of the media spotlight, since the few studies, but with increasing attention, focus mainly on the case of the major professional leagues [34][35][36]. In this area, a burnout prevalence rate of 2.44% was identified among the collective, with a higher trend among the main referees of the Spanish First Division and with more experience, also finding some relationship between burnout, stress, anxiety and social support, already observed in previous works [18,37,38].…”

“…These variables were added in accordance to a study done together with experts, indicated in the methodology, in order to determine and empirically prove whether the environment and physical or verbal aggression influence professional effectiveness, as reflected in the list of internal and external stressful situations for the performance of the arbitration of the collective (LISEA) initially developed in basketball referees [39], and later applied in soccer referees [40]. All of this would lead to a decrease in performance efficiency, as it was demonstrated [41].…”

“…Precisely one of the psychological factors that affect and influence their decisions is physical and emotional exhaustion [41], which can lead them to make judgmental mistakes during the game, which can have an impact on professional inefficiency [1]. Due to the exposed scenario, it is possible to postulate the following hypothesis: On the other hand, emotional exhaustion causes in soccer referees a sense of reduced realization and devaluation of the sport [23].…”

Stress Sources of Hockey Referees and the Emotion-Centered Approaches that they Use to Cope

“…Refereeing is one of the most challenging and laborious tasks within the field of sports (Diotaiuti et al, 2017) and a key position in sports organizations (Martínez-Moreno et al, 2021). They are responsible for managing the game well and ensuring fair play (Werger, 2017).…”

The most effective physical exercise to reduce burnout syndrome in university students

“…When one tries to define SB one can find a multiplicity of definitions in this respect. Currently, most of the studies are framed within the three-dimensional approach that the syndrome is composed of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and loss of self-fulfilment in the workplace (Martínez-Moreno et al, 2020;Pires and Ugrinowitsch, 2020;Li, et al 2018;Mikalauskas et al, 2018;Kavanagh et al, 2018;Armenta-Hernández et al, 2018;Bruschini et al, 2018;Kawamura et al, 2017;Leiter and Maslach, 2017) and in the case of students the three dimensions are: emotional exhaustion, cynicism and academic effectiveness or selfefficacy (Liu et al, 2018;Boni et al, 2018;Erschens et al, 2018;Liébana-Presa et al, 2017;Hederich-Martínez et al, 2016;Tomaschewski et al, 2014) University students, like any professional, are faced with the pressures and overloads of academic work.…”