“…Graph theoretic approaches are quite popular here, probably because vehicles and inter-vehicle constraints can be represented naturally with vertices and edges of graphs. The second sub-problem put more emphasis on how to achieve a desired formation via planning [4,7,9,10,15,16,17,19,20,23,28,26,29,30], rather than to stabilize around a given formation. Among these, [15,16,17] appear to be mostly close to our effort in this paper (besides our earlier effort [30]).…”