Lack of Efficacy of Injectable Ketamine with Xylazine or Diazepam for Anesthesia in Chickens

Varner, Jeffrey K.; Kr, Clifton; Poulos, Stephen G.; Broderson,; Rd, Wyatt

doi:10.1038/laban0504-36

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Xylazine is an a-2 adrenergic agonist with sedative, muscle relaxant, and analgesic effects, and it has been used in a wide range of domestic and free-ranging species. 2,3,[20][21][22] Midazolam and diazepam, like other benzodiazepines, act on the benzodiazepine-binding site of c-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABAA). When bound, it enhances the binding of GABA to the GABAA receptor, resulting in inhibitory effects on the central nervous system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COMPARISON OF INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF XYLAZINE, DIAZEPAM, AND MIDAZOLAM IN BUDGERIGARS (MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS): CLINICAL EVALUATION

Sadegh¹

2013

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Effective sedation methods are important to facilitate safe handling for diagnostic and clinical procedures for small and often delicate birds such as budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). The aim of this study was to directly compare the time of onset and duration of sedation produced by intranasal administration of xylazine, diazepam, or midazolam in budgerigars. Fifteen (seven male, eight female) clinically healthy mature budgerigars weighing 28.9 +/- 6.1 g were involved in the study Each bird was used three times in a randomized crossover study design with 7 days between treatments. Birds received xylazine (25.6 +/- 2.2 mg/kg), diazepam (13.6 +/- 1.1 mg/kg), or midazolam (13.2 +/- 1.3 mg/kg) intranasally (i.n.) using a micropipette. The onset time and dorsal recumbency duration time were measured and recorded. Sedation was produced in all birds after i.n. administration of xylazine, diazepam, and midazolam. Time to onset of sedation was significantly shorter after midazolam (1.3 +/- 0.44 min) compared with that after xylazine (2.6 +/- 0.89 min) and diazepam (2.8 +/- 0.88 min). Xylazine produced significantly longer duration of sedation (286.0 +/- 28.8 min) than that produced by diazepam (165.40 +/- 19.2 min) and midazolam (71.60 +/- 8.9 min). This study demonstrated that i.n. drug administration could provide fast and reliable sedation in budgerigars. Although i.n. midazolam or diazepam can provide adequate sedation for diagnostic and minor therapeutic procedures, xylazine at the dose used in this study is not recommended because the quality of sedation may be insufficient to perform a clinical procedure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COMPARISON OF INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF XYLAZINE, DIAZEPAM, AND MIDAZOLAM IN BUDGERIGARS (MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS): CLINICAL EVALUATION

Sadegh¹

2013

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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“…Entretanto, em razão da redução das doses, a duração de ação foi menor comparada ao midazolam utilizado de forma isolada pela via intranasal em pombos (Moghadam et al 2009). A combinação de cetamina e benzodiazepínicos melhora o relaxamento muscular, permite sedação adequada e melhora a qualidade da recuperação pela possibilidade do uso de doses reduzidas de ambos os fármacos (Varner et al 2004). No período de recuperação em ambos os grupos observaram-se que os animais, após a recuperação total, estavam alertas e rapidamente buscavam por alimento, o que foi semelhante ao observado com o uso isolado de benzodiazepínicos por via intranasal em canários os quais no período de recuperação estavam famintos (Vesal & Zare 2006).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Efeitos anestésicos da administração intranasal ou intramuscular de cetamina S+ e midazolam em pomba-rola (Streptotelia sp.)

et al. 2013

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Pesq. Vet. Bras. 33(4):517-522, abril 2013 517 RESUMO.-A via intranasal é uma boa alternativa por ser indolor e de fácil aplicação em aves. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos anestésicos da associação de cetamina S+ e midazolam pela via intranasal (IN) The intranasal route is a good alternative because is painless and easy to perform in birds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic effects of S+ ketamine and midazolam administered by intranasal or intramuscular route in pigeons. Twelve animals were used in a randomized and crossover design. Animals received two treatments with 2-weeks interval. IM group: animals received 20mg/kg of S+ ketamine and 3.5mg/kg of midazolam by intramuscular route (pectoral muscles); IN group: animals received the same protocol by intranasal route. Parameters evaluated were: onset of action, time of duration in dorsal recumbency; total time of anesthesia and side effects. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon test and the differences were considered significant when P<0. 05 IN (15 [4,5]) comparado ao IM (32 [28,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]25] minutos). Dois animais de cada

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“…In dogs, ketamine causes a transient lowering of the respiratory rate, minute volume, and PaO 2 , with an initial increase in PaCO 2 [27]. No depression of the respiratory rate was observed in domestic chickens injected with a combination of 20 mg.kg -1 of ketamine and 2 mg.kg -1 of diazepam [28]. Ketamine causes fewer cardiovascular and respiratory effects than other anaesthetics [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of premedication with ketamine, alone or with diazepam, on anaesthesia with sevoflurane in parrots (Amazona aestiva)

et al. 2013

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BackgroundPremedication is rarely used in avian species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of premedication on the quality of sevoflurane induction and anaesthesia in parrots. We hypothesised that premedication would facilitate handling and decrease the minimum anaesthetic dose (MAD). Thirty-six adult parrots were randomly distributed in three groups: group S (n = 12) was premedicated with NaCl 0.9%; group KS (n = 12) was premedicated with 10 mg.kg-1 ketamine; and group KDS (n = 12) was premedicated with 10 mg.kg-1 ketamine and 0.5 mg.kg-1 diazepam, delivered intramuscularly. After induction using 4.5% sevoflurane introduced through a facemask, the MAD was determined for each animal. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), and cloacal temperature (CT) were recorded before premedication (T0), 15 minutes after premedication (T1), and after MAD determination (T2). Arterial blood gas analyses were performed at T0 and T2. The quality of anaesthesia was evaluated using subjective scales based on animal behaviour and handling during induction, maintenance, and recovery. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Tukey’s or Dunn’s tests.ResultsThe minimal anaesthetic doses obtained were 2.4 ± 0.37%, 1.7 ± 0.39%, and 1.3 ± 0.32% for groups S, KS, and KDS, respectively. There were no differences in HR, RR, or CT among groups, but SAP was significantly lower in group S. Sedation was observed in both the premedicated S-KS and S-KDS groups. There were no differences in the quality of intubation and recovery from anaesthesia among the three groups, although the induction time was significantly shorter in the pre-medicated groups, and the KS group showed less muscle relaxation.ConclusionsKetamine alone or the ketamine/diazepam combination decreased the MAD of sevoflurane in parrots (Amazona aestiva). Ketamine alone or in combination with diazepam promoted a good quality of sedation, which improved handling and reduced the stress of the birds. All protocols provided safe anaesthesia in this avian species.

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Lack of Efficacy of Injectable Ketamine with Xylazine or Diazepam for Anesthesia in Chickens

Cited by 25 publications

References 7 publications

COMPARISON OF INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF XYLAZINE, DIAZEPAM, AND MIDAZOLAM IN BUDGERIGARS (MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS): CLINICAL EVALUATION

COMPARISON OF INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF XYLAZINE, DIAZEPAM, AND MIDAZOLAM IN BUDGERIGARS (MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS): CLINICAL EVALUATION

Efeitos anestésicos da administração intranasal ou intramuscular de cetamina S+ e midazolam em pomba-rola (Streptotelia sp.)

The effect of premedication with ketamine, alone or with diazepam, on anaesthesia with sevoflurane in parrots (Amazona aestiva)

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