The effect of premedication with ketamine, alone or with diazepam, on anaesthesia with sevoflurane in parrots (Amazona aestiva)

Paula, Valéria Veras de; Otsuki, Denise Aya; Auler, J; Nunes, Talyta Lins; Ambrósio, Aline Magalhães; Fantoni, Denise Tabacchi

doi:10.1186/1746-6148-9-142

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Os efeitos cardiovasculares promovidos pelos opioides e anestésicos inalatórios envolvem redução da pressão arterial [11], sendo um evento que ocorre devido à ação depressora desses agentes sobre o débito cardíaco e a resistência vascular periférica [9]; e confirmado por alguns autores, que observaram hipotensão nos primeiros 5 min após a administração de butorfanol [11]. Contudo, apesar de observarmos neste estudo a diminuição da PAS nos grupos GB3 e GB6 e diferença estatística entre os grupos GS e GB6 (P < 0.05), não diagnosticou-se hipotensão, sugerindo que não houve interferência na PAS nos resultados obtidos; em contraste, outro estudo [6] com galinhas anestesiadas com isofluorano e pré-medicadas com meloxicam, após o pinçamento digital ocorreu aumento na média de PAS em 19%.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Os valores médios de EtCO 2 encontrados foram de 41 ± 7, 40 ± 8 e 40 ± 7, para o grupos GS, GB3 e GB6, respectivamente, e apesar de não ter sido mensurada a pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial (PaCO 2 ), sabe-se que estes valores podem ser menores em até 5 mmHg [10], como observado em papagaios cinza anestesiados com isofluorano. A EtCO 2 ser superior nas aves pode estar atribuída ao mecanismo contracorrente do parabrônquio, que permite uma troca de gases mais eficiente quando comparado aos mamíferos [9]. Em um estudo realizado em papagaios anestesiados com sevofluorano, notou-se resultados abaixo de 45 mmHg, resultando em normocapnia [20], com isto os valores encontrados nesse estudo são comparáveis aos já descritos na literatura e considerados dentro da normalidade, comprovando que não houve depressão respiratória.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Durante a anestesia há diminuição da produção de calor pelo decréscimo da função metabólica, atividade muscular, além da diminuição da resistência vascular sistêmica [3,32]. Observou-se que no decorrer da experimentação todos os animais tiveram redução da temperatura corpórea, semelhante aos estudos com galinhas d'angola [11], galinhas domésticas [12] e papagaios [9], contudo estes valores ainda permaneceram dentro do recomendado para um procedimento anestésico em aves. O controle e manutenção da temperatura corpórea em níveis fisiológicos é de extrema importância, pois sua diminuição leva à redução do requerimento anestésico, assim como sua elevação pode causar aumento no consumo, o que influenciará diretamente na resposta do animal frente a algum estímulo [7,11,33].…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Em aves os agentes inalatórios são rapidamente metabolizados e eliminados ao término da anestesia [9,12], o que justifica uma indução e recuperação anestésicas rápidas e tranquilas, observadas em 100% dos animais anestesiados, que obtiveram o escore 2 na recuperação anestésica. Não houve diferença estatística entre o tempo médio de recuperação entre os grupos, diferindo do estudo realizado com cacatuas anestesiadas com isofluorano em associação ao butorfanol, onde os autores [8] relataram recuperação ruim e com tremores.…”

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Influence of Different Doses of Butorphanol in Anesthesia with Sevoflurane in Blue-fronted Parrots (Amazona aestiva)

Mendes

Gomes

Stocco

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Parrots frequently require veterinary medical care. To reduce their stress, it is necessary to use chemical restraint or anesthesia. The use of balanced anesthesia techniques such as combinations of inhaled and injectable drugs is recommended. However, there is a shortage of anesthetic and analgesic protocols and data on cardiovascular and respiratory variables in wild birds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the analgesic, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects and the quality of anesthetic recovery in blue-front parrots (Amazona aestiva) anesthetized with sevoflurane in combination with various doses of butorphanol.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four clinically healthy animals, based on their clinical and hematological results (hematocrit and total plasma protein), were divided into 3 groups: 1- sevofluoran alone (GS); 2- associated with butorphanol at 3 mg/kg (GB3), and 3- 6 mg/kg (GB6) doses administered via the intramuscular (IM) route; digital clamping was used as a nociceptive stimulus. Induction and anesthetic maintenance were performed with sevoflurane at 5 and 2.5 V%, respectively, administered through a calibrated vaporizer and an anesthetic system adequate for the weight of the animals that were kept under spontaneous ventilation. It took 15 min after induction for the expired sevoflurane concentration (EtSevo) to stabilize, after which one intramuscular treatment was applied. The digital clamping was continued as a supramaximal nociceptive stimulus; if it presented a positive response, EtSevo increased by 10%, and when the stimulus decreased by 20%, digital clamping was repeated every 15 min until a positive response to the stimulus was observed. Heart rate (HR) and rhythm, respiratory rate (f), systolic blood pressure (SBP), EtSevo, expired CO2 (EtCO2), and body temperature (T°C) were measured during digital clamping. At the end, anesthetic recovery was evaluated through the extubation times, bipedal positioning, and quality of recovery. Significant statistical differences were observed between the GS and GB6 groups in the variable EtSevo and SBP, with mean ± standard deviation of 2.61 ± 0.48 and 2.17 ± 0.43 V%, and 188 ± 20 and 159 ± 22 mmHg, respectively. The quality of recovery was optimal for all groups, with the mean time ± standard deviation of extubation time of 1.25 ± 0.46, 1.12 ± 0.35, and 1.50 ± 0.92 min, and bipedal positioning of 1.87 ± 1.45, 1.75 ± 0.88, and 2.75 ± 1.28 min for the GS, GB3, and GB6 groups, respectively.Discussion: Balanced anesthesia techniques have demonstrated benefits in veterinary medicine as they reduce cardiovascular and respiratory depression, increase drug potency due to synergism, and require a reduced amount of inhalable anesthetic. The results of this study showed that the combination of sevoflurane and butorphanol at the doses used in the present study reduced the anesthetic concentration necessary for the maintenance of the animals without nociceptive stimulation, respiratory stability, and rapid and quiet anesthetic recovery; it also maintained blood pressure and heart rate within the normal physiological limits. Severe heart rhythm disorders were observed in groups GB3 and GB6, but it is worth mentioning that at the end of anesthesia all animals sinus rhythm. However, the electrocardiographic findings showed that this practice was not considered safe for the species.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

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Influence of Different Doses of Butorphanol in Anesthesia with Sevoflurane in Blue-fronted Parrots (Amazona aestiva)

Mendes

Gomes

Stocco

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…Additionally, the lack of experience of veterinary surgeons with exotic avian species was likely to have contributed to the high perioperative mortality risks (Brodbelt et al, 2008). To reduce the mortality rate, balanced anesthetic protocols (Ilkiw, 1999), which refers to the use of a mixture of drugs, such that the advantages of small amounts of drugs are used without having to contend with the disadvantages of large doses of any one drug (Ilkiw, 1999), are widely used in avian practice to increase the safety of anesthetic procedures (Kubiak, Roach & Eatwell, 2016; Paula et al, 2013). Butorphanol, an opioid which is a mixed agonist/antagonist that has low activity at µ-receptors and strong agonist activity at κ-receptors, makes it appropriate for avian species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed evoked potentials in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) under midazolam-butorphanol-isoflurane anesthesia

Hsiao

2019

PeerJ

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Avian animals are visually inclined, which has caused them to attract increasing attention for visual neurophysiology or electrophysiology studies, including the study of the visual evoked potential (VEP). VEP has developed into an investigative tool for understanding the physiology and the pathology of the visual pathway. Chemical restraint is a common method to minimize motion artifacts in animals when acquiring VEP data, but little is known about its influence on the signal in an avian animal. In addition, it is difficult to make comparisons between conscious state data when the animals are ultimately under anesthesia. Therefore, finding drugs and developing protocols that have an acceptable effect is valuable. We compared the local field potentials of physically and chemically restrained zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), a small avian species, to simulate a relatively challenging recording condition. Finches were sedated with midazolam-butorphanol, and anesthesia was maintained by isoflurane. Electrodes were implanted into the left nucleus rotundus, which is a visual nucleus in birds. The VEPs of the control group (N = 3) were recorded after they fully recovered and were restrained by towels. The other birds (N = 3) were recorded under anesthesia. The results show that without the visual stimuli, anesthesia generally suppressed the overall power of field potentials. However, by focusing on the spectra during VEPs, visual stimuli still triggered significant VEPs in frequencies below 30.8 Hz, which were even stronger than towel-restrained birds. The drugs also prolonged the latency of the VEP, increased the duration of the VEP when compared to towel-restrained birds. As regard to towel-restrained zebra finches, the field potentials were less synchronized and may need data preprocessing to have clear VEPs. In conclusion, the current study presents evidence of basic VEP for zebra finch under midazolam-butorphanol-isoflurane anesthesia with a protocol that is a safe and feasible anesthetic combination for chemical restraint, which is particularly useful for small animals when obtaining evoked potentials.

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Avian Pain Management and Anesthesia

Guzmán

Beaufrère

2021

Exotic Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

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The effect of premedication with ketamine, alone or with diazepam, on anaesthesia with sevoflurane in parrots (Amazona aestiva)

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

Influence of Different Doses of Butorphanol in Anesthesia with Sevoflurane in Blue-fronted Parrots (Amazona aestiva)

Influence of Different Doses of Butorphanol in Anesthesia with Sevoflurane in Blue-fronted Parrots (Amazona aestiva)

Delayed evoked potentials in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) under midazolam-butorphanol-isoflurane anesthesia

Avian Pain Management and Anesthesia

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