Kinetics of Polycondensation of Citric Acid with Glycerol Based on a Genetic Algorithm

Wrzecionek, Michał; Matyszczak, Grzegorz; Bandzerewicz, Aleksandra; Ruśkowski, Paweł; Gadomska‐Gajadhur, Agnieszka

doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00492

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Obtaining a reliable STA curves represents a key factor in fire engineering. These curves are employed to characterize the kinetic of the material, habitually using the Arrhenius equation [4] and several techniques such as numerical methods [5,6] (model fitting, model-free) or optimization methods (inverse modelling) [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-heating evaluation on thermal analysis of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)

Alonso

Lázaro

et al. 2022

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Thermal analysis has been proven to be an efficiently technique to analyse thermal decomposition reactions of different type of materials. This technique is widely used in different fields. Among them, fire science, where polymeric materials are very common, has a particular issue, being the combustion reactions recurrent on these analyses. Thermal analysis has different particularities depending on the studied material. For instance, polymeric materials could undergo different decomposition reactions that are highly dependent on definition of the thermal analysis boundary conditions. The International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC) (Vyazovkin et al. in Thermochim Acta 590:1–23, 2014) and standards (ISO 11358-1. Plastics—Thermogravimetry (TG) of polymers—Part 1: General principles. ISO. 2014; https://www.iso.org/standard/59710.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2022), (ISO 11357-1. Plastics — Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) — Part 1: General principles. ISO. 2016; https://www.iso.org/standard/70024.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2022) stablish how to set-up these boundary conditions in the thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) standards. As far as initial amount of sample mass is concern, some discrepancies can be found between the standards. For instance, the standards suggest a sample mass between 10 and 100 mg for TG and between 2 and 40 mg for DSC, whereas the ICTAC recommendations suggests that the sample mass times the heating rate should not exceed 100 mg K·min−1 in thermo-oxidative decomposition analysis, which is equivalent to samples masses lower than 10 mg for heating rates of 10 K·min−1, or lower than 5 mg for heating rates of 20 K·min−1. This discrepancy may lead to obtain different results from the tests. Additionally, according to the thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition of polymers, the ICTAC remarks the influence on the results of the sample thicknesses, carrier gas and heating rates, but it does not analyse the influence of self-heating as it does for the hazardous materials. This work presents a study of the self-heating influence in the thermal decomposition processes of two widely used polymers as poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). TG/DSC tests are used to evaluate the thermal decomposition processes. Boundary conditions of the tests definition as sample mass, atmospheres, and heating rate are considered to evaluate its influence on the polymers self-heating effect on the thermal decomposition. It also includes how to check if TG/DSC tests follows the theoretical principles of the thermal analysis, or if the results are affected by the self-heating. In the present study, a series of 32 experimental tests has been performed, analysing 16 boundary conditions. These experimental tests allow evaluating the influence of selected boundary conditions on the mass loss, the heat flux, and the materials decomposition reactions. Additionally, we analyse the effect of the boundary conditions on the temperature of the sample. Results show the impact of each different boundary conditions of the self-heating effect, and its influence in the final thermal decomposition measured and they represent an aid to define the suitable conditions to perform TG/DSC test on PMMA and LLDPE, or similar polymer materials. This is done by the evaluation of the influence of the self-heating in parameters as the sample temperature lags defined in [1], the reactions heat fluxes, and the difference between the sample and the programmed temperature. It is also analysed the influence of the auto-ignition temperature in the thermal analysis. It is remarkable the PMMA auto-ignition temperature effect on the TG/DSC results. Finally, some useful recommendations have been defined.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-heating evaluation on thermal analysis of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)

Alonso

Lázaro

et al. 2022

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to confirm ester structure and to designate the conversion of carboxylic acid groups of citric acid. Similar to our previous work 41 . Briefly, approx.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Similar to our previous work. 41 Briefly, approx. 150 mg of PGCit was dissolved in deuterated acetone (1 mL) for 24 hours and then the solution was transferred to an NMR tube.…”

Section: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poly(glycerol citrate)‐polylactide nonwovens toward tissue engineering applications

Wrzecionek

Bandzerewicz

Dutkowska

et al. 2021

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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In 2002, Robert Langer proposed that new polyester for tissue engineering should have good mechanical properties followed by: covalent bonding (as crosslinking) and hydrogenbonding interactions; and should be elastic like rubber materials due to three-dimensional network structure. Considering these hypotheses, a polyester made of glycerol and citric acid was designed in this work. Poly(glycerol citrate) should be attractive for tissue engineering because both glycerol and citric acid, taking part in natural human metabolic pathways; and due to the reactant's functionality, 3D networks should be produced easily.Moreover, the reagents are cheap, available, and often used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, poly(glycerol citrate) was synthesized and then used with PLA for creating porous nonwovens by electrospinning. Produced materials were tested for possible application in the field of tissue engineering. The obtained materials have properties similar to collagen fibers, but still, require refinement for medical applications.

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“…Incorporating the antibiotic gentamycin into this polymer resulted in effective bacterial killing [ 91 ]. The kinetics of citric acid and glycerol polycondensation at three different temperatures was recently studied [ 92 ]. The generation of citric acid–glycerol copolymers in the presence of benzene and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) has also been reported [ 93 ]; however, this type of synthesis raises concerns regarding biocompatibility because both benzene and PTSA are known carcinogens [ 91 ].…”

Section: Citric Acid In Formulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Citric Acid: A Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Excipient

et al. 2022

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Citric acid, a tricarboxylic acid, has found wide application in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry due to its biocompatibility, versatility, and green, environmentally friendly chemistry. This review emphasizes the pharmaceutical uses of citric acid as a strategic ingredient in drug formulation while focusing on the impact of its physicochemical properties. The functionality of citric acid is due to its three carboxylic groups and one hydroxyl group. These allow it to be used in many ways, including its ability to be used as a crosslinker to form biodegradable polymers and as a co-former in co-amorphous and co-crystal applications. This paper also analyzes the effect of citric acid in physiological processes and how this effect can be used to enhance the attributes of pharmaceutical preparations, as well as providing a critical discussion on the issues that may arise out of the presence of citric acid in formulations.

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Kinetics of Polycondensation of Citric Acid with Glycerol Based on a Genetic Algorithm

Cited by 17 publications

References 56 publications

Self-heating evaluation on thermal analysis of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)

Self-heating evaluation on thermal analysis of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)

Poly(glycerol citrate)‐polylactide nonwovens toward tissue engineering applications

Citric Acid: A Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Excipient

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