Justice and cost effectiveness of consumption-based versus production-based approaches in the case of unilateral climate policies

Steininger, Karl W.; Lininger, Christian; Droege, Susanne; Roser, Dominic; Tomlinson, Luke; Meyer, Lukas H.

doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.10.005

Cited by 194 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The calculation method is based on production-based accounting without taking into consideration where goods are used or who ultimately uses them [20,21]. Some studies have shown that there are substantial differences between production-based and consumption-based accounting in terms of calculating both the overall and per capita carbon emission levels [23].…”

Section: Uncertainty Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of China’s Carbon Emissions Base on Carbon Flow in Four Main Sectors: 2000–2013

Cui

Wang

2017

Sustainability

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Abstract:Reducing carbon emissions is a major way to achieve green development and sustainability for China's future. This paper elaborates the detailed features of China's carbon flow for 2013 with the carbon flow chart and shows the changing characteristics of China's CO 2 flow from the viewpoint of specific sectors and energies from 2000 and 2013. The results show that (1) from 2000 to 2013, China's CO 2 emissions approximately grew by 9% annually, while the CO 2 intensity of China diminished at different rates. (2) The CO 2 emissions from the secondary industry are prominent from the perspective of four main sectors, accounting for 83.5% of emissions. Manufacturing plays an important part in the secondary industry with 45% of the emissions, in which the "smelting and pressing of metal" takes up a large percentage of about 50% of the emissions from manufacturing. (3) The CO 2 emissions produced by coal consumption are dominant in energy-related emissions with a contribution of 65%, which will decrease in the future. (4) From the aspect of different sectors, the CO 2 emissions mainly come from the "electricity and heating" sector and the "smelting, pressing and manufacturing of metals" sub-sector. It is essential and urgent to propose concrete recommendations for CO 2 emissions mitigation. Firstly, the progression of creative technology is inevitable and undeniable. Secondly, the government should make different CO 2 emissions reduction policies among different sectors. For example, the process emissions play an important role in "non-metallic minerals" while in "smelting and manufacturing of metals" it is energy emissions. Thirdly, the country can change the energy structure and promote renewable energy that is powered by wind or other low-carbon energy sources. Alternatively, coke oven gas can be a feasible substitution. Finally, policy makers should be aware that the emissions from residents have been growing at a fast rate. It is effective to involve the public in energy conservation and carbon emissions reduction, such as reducing the time of personal transportation.

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Section: Uncertainty Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of China’s Carbon Emissions Base on Carbon Flow in Four Main Sectors: 2000–2013

Cui

Wang

2017

Sustainability

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“…in the UNFCCC) for a number of different purposes. First, such accounts serve as a reference scale for internationally agreed abatement targets (they serve as a target base 47 ). The Kyoto Protocol is a prime example.…”

Section: 45mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thirdly, policy instruments could target exactly those emissions that are recorded in GHG accounts (instrument base 47,43 ).…”

Section: 45mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple carbon accounting to support just and effective climate policies

et al. 2015

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Negotiating greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction involves the allocation of emissions and of emission reductions to specific agents, and notably, within the current UN framework, to associated countries. As production takes place in supply chains, increasingly extending over several countries, there are various options available in which emissions originating from one and the same activity may be attributed to different agents along the supply chain and thus to different countries. In this way, several distinct types of national carbon accounts can be constructed. We argue that these accounts will typically differ as regards the information they provide to individual countries on the effects their actions have on global emissions; and they may also, to varying degrees, prove useful in supporting the pursuit of an effective and just climate policy. However, none of the accounting systems proves "best" in achieving these aims under real world circumstances; we thus suggest compiling reliable data to facilitate the consistent calculation of multiple carbon accounts on a global level.

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“…Weitere Details zu technischen Unterschieden zwischen produktions-und konsumseitigen Bilanzen werden später in diesem Kapitel, im Abschnitt 6.3.1 "Sektoren" dargelegt, siehe zur Illustration der Konzepte auch Abbildung 6.5 sowie zu Politikimplikationen Steininger et al (2014 Streicher et al, 2010;Christian et al, 2011;Bliem et al 2011 (Ahmad and Wyckoff, 2003;Nakano et al, 2009;Steininger et al, 2014 Eng verbunden mit Entwicklungen der Industrieproduktion und der Globalisierung des Handels ist der Transportsektor. Internationale Transportemissionen (z.…”

Section: Einleitung Introductionunclassified

“…Das Input-Output-Modell ermöglicht außerdem nicht nur die direkten, in Österreich anfallenden CO 2 -Emissionen abzuschätzen, sondern auch -soweit die schwierig zu erhaltende Kohlenstoffintensität der Importe nach Herkunftsland bekannt ist -entlang der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette (dem Lebenszyklus der Produkte und Dienstleistungen folgend), jene indirekten "grauen", durch Konsum von aus dem Ausland importierten Vorleistungen und Produkten induzierten Emissionen annähernd zu quantifizieren. Dabei kann man jedoch eine Einheit "importierter" Emissionen (also: eingebettet in eingeführte Güter) nicht einfach mit einem Ausstoß einer Einheit von Emissionen in die Atmosphäre gleichsetzen (Peters und Hertwich, 2008;Lindner et al, 2013;Jakob et al, 2014;Steininger et al, 2014). .…”

Section: Einleitung Introductionunclassified