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Due to the rapid economic development in China, the conflict between the increasing traditional energy consumption and the severe environmental threats is more and more serious. To ease the situation, greater use of wind energy in China could be the solution for energy conservation and sustainable environment in the long run.

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Abstract:Reducing carbon emissions is a major way to achieve green development and sustainability for China's future. This paper elaborates the detailed features of China's carbon flow for 2013 with the carbon flow chart and shows the changing characteristics of China's CO 2 flow from the viewpoint of specific sectors and energies from 2000 and 2013. The results show that (1) from 2000 to 2013, China's CO 2 emissions approximately grew by 9% annually, while the CO 2 intensity of China diminished at different rates. (2) The CO 2 emissions from the secondary industry are prominent from the perspective of four main sectors, accounting for 83.5% of emissions. Manufacturing plays an important part in the secondary industry with 45% of the emissions, in which the "smelting and pressing of metal" takes up a large percentage of about 50% of the emissions from manufacturing. (3) The CO 2 emissions produced by coal consumption are dominant in energy-related emissions with a contribution of 65%, which will decrease in the future. (4) From the aspect of different sectors, the CO 2 emissions mainly come from the "electricity and heating" sector and the "smelting, pressing and manufacturing of metals" sub-sector. It is essential and urgent to propose concrete recommendations for CO 2 emissions mitigation. Firstly, the progression of creative technology is inevitable and undeniable. Secondly, the government should make different CO 2 emissions reduction policies among different sectors. For example, the process emissions play an important role in "non-metallic minerals" while in "smelting and manufacturing of metals" it is energy emissions. Thirdly, the country can change the energy structure and promote renewable energy that is powered by wind or other low-carbon energy sources. Alternatively, coke oven gas can be a feasible substitution. Finally, policy makers should be aware that the emissions from residents have been growing at a fast rate. It is effective to involve the public in energy conservation and carbon emissions reduction, such as reducing the time of personal transportation.

China is actively taking measures to guide the household energy-saving consumption pattern because the total household indirect energy consumption and CO 2 emissions have rapidly multiplied from 2002 to 2017 with an annual growth rate of 5.95%, and 5.56%, respectively. This paper calculates indirect energy consumption and CO 2 emissions by four energy sources (raw coal, crude oil, natural gas, and electricity), analyzes the energy structure, and conducts a structural decomposition analysis in urban and rural areas in China from 2002 to 2017. The results reveal that the indirect energy consumption and CO 2 emissions of urban households was 3.84 and 3.80 times, respectively, that of rural households in 2017 with most contributions from the 'Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery', 'Foods and Tobacco', and 'OTHERS' sectors. The energy consumption structure has changed. The percentage of coal consumption falls from 66.87% to 57.62%. Electricity consumption, ranked second, increased substantially from 10.77% to 22.90%. The key sectors of the energy mix have been found to help energy conservation. The high indirect energy consumption sectors with higher indirect energy intensity are the key sectors, especially the 'Processing of Petroleum, Coking and Processing of Nuclear Fuel' and 'Production and Supply of Electric Power and Heat Power'. The consumption structure effect is more obvious in urban areas than in rural areas. In the process of urbanization, its effect has little impact on urban indirect energy consumption. It implies that the focus is on optimizing consumption structure rather than reducing consumption scale.

Abstract:Reducing carbon emissions is a major ways to achieving green development and sustainability for China's future. This paper elaborates the detailed feature of China's carbon flow for 2013 with the carbon flow chart and gives changing characteristics of China's CO2 flow from the viewpoint of sector and energy during 2000 and 2013. The results show that (1) during 2000 to 2013, China's CO2 emissions with the approximately growth portion of 9% annually, while the CO2 intensity of China diminishes at different rates. (2) The CO2 emissions from secondary industry are prominent from the perspective of four main sectors accounting for 83.5%. The manufacturing play an important part in the secondary industry with 45%. In which the "smelting and pressing of metal" takes up a large percentage as about 50% in manufacturing. (3) The CO2 emissions produced by coal consumption is keep dominant in energy-related emissions with a contribution of 65%, while it will decrease in the future. (4) From the aspect of sector, the CO2 emissions mainly come from the "electricity and heating" sector and the "smelting and pressing of metals" sub-sector. While it is essential and urgent to propose concrete recommendations for CO2 emissions mitigation. Firstly, the progression of creative technology is inevitable and undeniable. Secondly, the government should make different CO2 emissions reduction policies among different sectors. For example, the process emission plays an important role in "non-metallic mineral" while in "smelting and manufacturing of metals" it is energy. Thirdly, the country can change the energy structure and promote renewable energy for powering by wind or other low-carbon energy. Besides it, the coke oven gas can be a feasible substitution. Finally, policy maker should be aware of the emissions from residents have been growing in a fast rate. It is effective to involve the public in the activity of energy conservation and carbon emissions reduction such as reducing the times of personal transportation.

Abstract.As the world's largest economy, the U.S. needs a lot of material input, to realize the sustainable development of its economy. Copper has excellent physical and chemical properties, widely used in various fields, which makes copper stock-in-use continue increasing. What is the trend of copper stock-in-use and which is the driving of the consumption of copper in the U.S.? Is there any relationship between the economic development index and the copper stock-in-use? In this paper, the average service life method and the method of depreciation of fixed assets are adopted to answer these questions. The results demonstrated that: (1) the total copper stock-in-use was a relative smooth trend during 1985-2015 in the U.S., and reached its peak in 2007 with 68.9 Mt, the amount of copper stock-in-use was almost at the "saturation" stage since then. (2) Before the year 2000, with the growth of GDP, the per capita copper stock-in-use also increased.

Abstract. As the fast development of China's economy, the power generation has increased rapidly to support the economic growth. In China, thermal power, as a traditional power generation, consumes more fossil energy and brings great damage on environment. As for wind power, a clean and renewable power generation, uses wind energy and is beneficial to environment. In order to describe the differences between these two generations in detail, this paper compared the thermal power with the wind power from the generating total cost to the environmental impact in a quantitative way. And the scenario analysis was adopted for predicting the energy conservation and the emission reduction by wind power. The results show that: (1) Coal is still the dominant input for energy consumption in China and the installed capacity of thermal power takes 65% to total installed capacity. As for the wind power, wind energy only has a share of 5.89% to the total energy consumption and the installed capacity of wind power contributes 8% on total installed capacity. (2) The total cost of thermal power is higher than that of wind power, with 0.47 yuan/KWh. (3) Comparing with the thermal power, the wind power save 238.87 million tons of coal equivalent in total. In addition, the wind power reduces 668.54 million tons of CO 2 emissions, 1.73 million tons of SO 2 emissions, 1.8 million tons of NO x emissions and 0.3 million tons of smoke emissions during 2008 to 2015. (4) The coal conservation and the emission reduction by wind power are much greater in high economic growth rate scenario.