“…Localization is an important aspect of GPS-alternative positioning systems and has considerable importance in general communications areas [1]. The development of new radio access standards prompted the exploration of new techniques to improve the location accuracy, which is based on the signals available from the wireless devices that comprise these standards [2][3][4][5][6]. In this communication, the problem of the indoor location, which is based on the signals available in the wireless devices that comprise Wi-Fi and Wi-Max networks within the broadband wireless systems, is presented [7][8][9][10].…”
The increase of the technology related to radio localization and the exponential rise in the data traffic demanded requires a large number of base stations to be installed. This increase in the base stations density also causes a sharp rise in energy consumption of cellular networks. Consequently, energy saving and cost reduction is a significant factor for network operators in the development of future localization networks. In this paper, a localization method based on ray-tracing and fingerprinting techniques is presented. Simulation tools based on high frequencies are used to characterize the channel propagation and to obtain the ray-tracing data. Moreover, the fingerprinting technique requires a costly initial learning phase for cell fingerprint generation (radio-map). To estimate the localization of mobile stations, this paper compares power levels and delay between rays as cost function with different distance metrics. The experimental results show that greater accuracy can be obtained in the location process using the delay between rays as a cost function and the Mahalanobis distance as a metric instead of traditional methods based on power levels and the Euclidean distance. The proposed method appears well suited for localization systems applied to indoor and outdoor scenarios and avoids large and costly measurement campaigns.
“…Localization is an important aspect of GPS-alternative positioning systems and has considerable importance in general communications areas [1]. The development of new radio access standards prompted the exploration of new techniques to improve the location accuracy, which is based on the signals available from the wireless devices that comprise these standards [2][3][4][5][6]. In this communication, the problem of the indoor location, which is based on the signals available in the wireless devices that comprise Wi-Fi and Wi-Max networks within the broadband wireless systems, is presented [7][8][9][10].…”
The increase of the technology related to radio localization and the exponential rise in the data traffic demanded requires a large number of base stations to be installed. This increase in the base stations density also causes a sharp rise in energy consumption of cellular networks. Consequently, energy saving and cost reduction is a significant factor for network operators in the development of future localization networks. In this paper, a localization method based on ray-tracing and fingerprinting techniques is presented. Simulation tools based on high frequencies are used to characterize the channel propagation and to obtain the ray-tracing data. Moreover, the fingerprinting technique requires a costly initial learning phase for cell fingerprint generation (radio-map). To estimate the localization of mobile stations, this paper compares power levels and delay between rays as cost function with different distance metrics. The experimental results show that greater accuracy can be obtained in the location process using the delay between rays as a cost function and the Mahalanobis distance as a metric instead of traditional methods based on power levels and the Euclidean distance. The proposed method appears well suited for localization systems applied to indoor and outdoor scenarios and avoids large and costly measurement campaigns.
“…Further, sensors enhance the monitoring facilities of vehicles' speed and location-based services. To improve road services, traffic light services handled through modern technologies [25][26][27][28][29][30].…”
Section: Modeling Of 5g+ Transport Servicesmentioning
Business models for improving the transportation system, which includes the services of transport facilities, predict the future of users' requirements according to the emerging technologies. All predictions raise the number of questions that support to increase business challenges such as management of 5G transportation services. Management issues cover technical challenges considered to improve the customer relationship and cost for utilizing the service mentioned in the 5G-transportation system. During the traveling or driving time, driverless vehicles face many challenges managed through the services without proper management. Security and energy management are examples of current problems. These problems involve the technical challenges of 5G, and other emerging technologies considered for developing the business model in this paper. As an appropriate method, an efficient model of 5G transportation is introduced as a business model for analyzing the challenges mentioned above. In this model, few challenges need more discussions and analysis because users' and customers' requirements are evolving with the future emerging technologies. Further, this model will encourage the users, including service providers, to make necessary decisions for enhancing the management facilities.
General TermsIn this paper, the theoretical model of the transportation service as a general term is considered. Throughout this research, transportation issues based on 5G are considered to improve the 5G solutions of transportation facilities
“…In some cases, it may also be required to localize objects at a large distance which may be outside the reading range of RFID readers. Some researchers have also improved localization accuracy at blind locations which can occur in when the location is outside the range of the RFID reader's antenna beam [16]. Accuracy is always limited at blind locations as the methods try to predict the location of the target from its previous location inside of the antenna range.…”
RFID (radio-frequency identification) technology is rapidly emerging for the localization of moving objects and humans. Due to the blockage of radio signals by the human body, the localization accuracy achieved with a single tag is not satisfactory. This paper proposes a method based on an RFID tag array and laser ranging information to address the localization of live moving objects such as humans or animals. We equipped a human with a tag array and calculated the phase-based radial velocity of every tag. The laser information was, first, clustered through the DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) algorithm and then laser-based radial velocity was calculated. This velocity was matched with phase-based radial velocity to get best matching clusters. A particle filter was used to localize the moving human by fusing the matching results of both velocities. Experiments were conducted by using a SCITOS G5 service robot. The results verified the feasibility of our approach and proved that our approach significantly increases localization accuracy by up to 25% compared to a single tag approach.
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