Ion-exchanged glass waveguide technology: a review

Tervonen, Ari; West, Brian R.; Honkanen, Seppo

doi:10.1117/1.3559213

Cited by 209 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 181 publications

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“…This specific subject has been developing into a large market, where ion exchange strengthened glasses are now used in displays, handheld electronic devices, pharmaceutical packaging, and many other areas. Monovalent cation exchange has also received much attention for tailoring the refractive index profile of the surface layer, i.e., so as to create microstructured planar or buried waveguides or optical lenses with graded refractive index (Ramaswamy and Srivastava, 1988;Opilski et al, 2000;Honkanen et al, 2006;Tervonen et al, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Trends in Effective Diffusion Coefficients for Ion-Exchange Strengthening of Soda-Lime-Silicate Glasses

et al. 2017

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Monovalent cations enable efficient ion-exchange processes due to their high mobility in silicate glasses. Numerous properties can be modified in this way, e.g., mechanical, optical, electrical, or chemical performance. In particular, alkali cation exchange has received significant attention, primarily with respect to introducing compressive stress into the surface region of a glass, which increases mechanical durability. However, most of the present applications rely on specifically tailored matrix compositions in which the cation mobility is enhanced. This largely excludes the major area of soda-lime-silicates (SLS) such as are commodity in almost all large-scale applications of glasses. Basic understanding of the relations between structural parameters and the effective diffusion coefficients may help to improve ion-exchanged SLS glass products, on the one hand in terms of obtainable strength and on the other in terms of cost. In the present paper, we discuss the trends in the effective diffusion coefficients when exchanging Na + for various monovalent cations (K + , Cu + , Ag + , Rb + , and Cs + ) by drawing relations to physicochemical properties. Correlations of effective diffusion coefficients were found for the bond dissociation energy and the electronic cation polarizability, indicating that localization and rupture of bonds are of importance for the ion-exchange rate.

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confidence: 99%

Trends in Effective Diffusion Coefficients for Ion-Exchange Strengthening of Soda-Lime-Silicate Glasses

et al. 2017

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“…The recorded vibrating image sequence is then later analyzed using Fourier transform to obtain the first-and second-order spatial An(y) 10 differential guiding modes of the waveguide. The refractive index profiles can then be reconstructed directly with the measured guiding mode and its spatial derivatives, using an inverse calculation algorithm (1) (1) where k is the free space wave number, Δneff is defined as the difference between effective index neff and substrate index ns, I is the optical intensity of the fundamental guided mode. Ix, Iy, Ixx, and Iyy, are the corresponding first-and secondorder spatial partial derivatives of I in x and in y directions.…”

Section: Refractive Index Profilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burying of channel optical waveguides: relation between near-field measurement and Ag concentration profile

Tsai

Liu

Barkman

et al. 2015

Photonics, Devices, and Systems VI

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Two-step field-assisted ion-exchanged waveguides have been fabricated on a glass substrate. The concentration profiles of the exchanged ions were measured with electron microprobe. The waveguides were characterized under scanning electron microscope and optical microscope for the investigation of burying structures. Guiding mode patterns were characterized with near-field measurement, where symmetric profiles were observed for the burying-type waveguide. The refractive index profiles were also measured with a modified end-fire coupling method. The relation between ion concentration profiles and index profiles were compared for the waveguides with different fabrication process.

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“…Ag + -Na + ion exchange is a cheap and productive method of fabricating active and passive planar integrated optical devices [1][2][3]. Waveguides produced in the superficial layer of a glass substrate are a basic structure in many different types of optical devices such as couplers, dividers, amplifiers, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical modeling of field-assisted Ag+–Na+ ion-exchanged channel waveguides using varied explicit space charge density approach

Mrozek¹

2019

Optica Applicata

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This article presents a numerical model of field-assisted Ag +-Na + ion exchange in glass, used to determine Ag + ion concentration contours in cross-sections of channel waveguides. Space charge density was used as a modeling parameter, with different values adopted separately under the mask and in the region of the mask window. Based on the results of simulations, it can be stated that the space charge distribution under the mask has a decisive influence on the diffusion range of Ag + ions into the glass and on the shape of silver ion concentration contours corresponding to the maximum range of Ag + ions diffusion. Charge generated within the diffusive structure influences the shape of silver ion concentration contours near the mask's edge and affects the thickness of the polarized layer under the mask within the waveguide's optical structure. Modeling results indicate a significant influence of factors affecting space charge density distribution in glass on the results of forming channel waveguides in the field-assisted process.

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Ion-exchanged glass waveguide technology: a review

Cited by 209 publications

References 181 publications

Trends in Effective Diffusion Coefficients for Ion-Exchange Strengthening of Soda-Lime-Silicate Glasses

Trends in Effective Diffusion Coefficients for Ion-Exchange Strengthening of Soda-Lime-Silicate Glasses

Burying of channel optical waveguides: relation between near-field measurement and Ag concentration profile

Numerical modeling of field-assisted Ag+–Na+ ion-exchanged channel waveguides using varied explicit space charge density approach

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