Investigation Pollutants of Global Trends in Marine Ecosystems around Barrang Caddi Island, Spermonde Archipelago Cluster: An Ecological Approach

Abstract

A quality marine ecosystem if it is free from GTP contaminants. Accuracy and caution are needed in the exploitation of marine resources as marine tourism destinations so that in the future, there will be no ecological hazards that cause chain effects, not only on aquatic ecosystems but also on humans. This article identifies exposure to GTP (MP, PAH, PR, HM, MW) in marine ecosystems in the MTA area and BCI waters. The combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis methods uses a combination of analytical instruments and mathematical formulas. The search results show the average total abundance of MP in seawater and fish samples (5.47 units/m3) and (7.03 units/m3), respectively, while in sediment and sponge samples (8.18 units/m3) and (8.32 units/m3). Based on the analysis of the polymer structure, it was identified that the dominant light group MP (PE, PP and PS), followed by PA and PC. Several PAH pollutants were identified in the samples, especially NL types found in all samples, followed by PN and AZ. BCI sea waters are suspected to be exposed to MW and PR. Pollutants of Pb+2 and Cu+2 around BCI were successfully calculated with average concentrations in seawater 0.164 mg/L and 0.294 mg/L, respectively, while in fish, 1.8110 µg/g and 2,452 µg/g, respectively. Based on these findings, the BCI area is not recommended as a marine tourism destination.

Potential Utilization of Bacterial Consortium of Symbionts Marine Sponges in Removing Pollutants Global Trends: A Review

“…The problem of environmental quality is especially felt by developing countries [3,8]. The issue of GTP in this decade has been very much discussed, not only by environmental observers and activists as well as scientists in the field of environmental management but also by several world leaders who have voiced the need for real action in reducing fossil fuel consumption [9][10][11] The global policy of reducing carbon consumption is a tangible manifestation of environmental quality in an emergency [7,12]. It is very reasonable because the rate of increase in global trends of pollutants increases massively, far beyond the natural recovery ability of nature to reduce these pollutants [13][14][15].…”

“…It is very reasonable because the rate of increase in global trends of pollutants increases massively, far beyond the natural recovery ability of nature to reduce these pollutants [13][14][15]. Reducing carbon in the environment is not enough because various types of GTP and the adverse environmental effects are also different [7,16].…”

“…It is because the topography of the area is generally low. Almost all types of GTP contaminants are found in particulates and residues and can be dissolved in air, soil and water bodies [4,7]. These materials eventually empty into the aquatic environment of rivers, lakes, swamps and the sea [18,19].…”

“…In the aquatic environment, especially in marine ecosystems, there are several types of biota, such as sponges which are known to be often used as objects for biomonitoring of pollution of hydrocarbon components and heavy metals, even some types of sponges are used as references or bioindicators in analyzing the level of PAHs and heavy metal contaminants [54,55]. Further exploration related to biomonitoring and bioindicators of this type of GTP contamination, it is known that this sponge can perform the degradation of hydrocarbon components and biosorption of heavy metals [7,[56][57][58]. It is based on research results that show the ability of sponges to live and thrive in an environment contaminated with GTP pollutants [7,59].…”

“…Further exploration related to biomonitoring and bioindicators of this type of GTP contamination, it is known that this sponge can perform the degradation of hydrocarbon components and biosorption of heavy metals [7,[56][57][58]. It is based on research results that show the ability of sponges to live and thrive in an environment contaminated with GTP pollutants [7,59]. The development of knowledge about the degradation and adsorption function of marine sponges against pollutants was revealed after discovering that these sponges can have a mutualistic symbiosis with microorganisms, especially bacteria [60][61][62].…”