Investigation of Tear Osmolarity Using the TearLab Osmolarity System in Normal Adults in Saudi Arabia

Masmali, Ali M.; Alrabiah, Saad; Alharbi, Ahmed; El‐Hiti, Gamal A.; Almubrad, Turki

doi:10.1097/icl.0000000000000002

Cited by 48 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 45 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…represented normal values for healthy eyes. [34][35][36][37] There is no previous report on osmolarity values in CM, and these were statistically similar to those of humans in our study, emphasizing the similarity of the two species' tear films.…”

Section: Descriptions Of Tear Osmolarity Have Previously Been Reportedsupporting

confidence: 75%

Evaluation of lacrimal production, osmolarity, crystallization, proteomic profile, and biochemistry of capuchin monkeys’ tear film

Raposo

Portela

Masmali

et al. 2018

J of Medical Primatology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Descriptions Of Tear Osmolarity Have Previously Been Reportedsupporting

confidence: 75%

Evaluation of lacrimal production, osmolarity, crystallization, proteomic profile, and biochemistry of capuchin monkeys’ tear film

Raposo

Portela

Masmali

et al. 2018

J of Medical Primatology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This study, conducted in healthy subjects, showed inter‐session reproducibility of the Fiske 110 osmometer with two different tear samples volume (2 or 4 μl). Osmolarity values obtained here (Table ) were lower than those widely assumed by the literature in healthy subjects as ‘common’, but similar to those previously reported by Garcia et al when using a similar protocol and device (a 1:9 dilution measured by the Fiske 210). Osmolarity values obtained were also in concordance with those previously reported by the present authors with the same dilutions and protocols in two groups of 60 healthy patients (Fiske 110 [4 μl] mean ± SD = 286.53 ± 16.54 mOsm/kg; Fiske 110 [2 μl] mean ± SD = 268.80 ± 30.53 mOsm/kg) …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Reproducibility in measuring tear samples using a freezing point depression osmometer

Pena-Verdeal

García-Resúa

Vazquez-Sanchez

et al. 2019

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Hyperosmolarity of tear fluid has been recognised as a common feature of all types of dry eye disease. This study was designed to assess the inter-session reproducibility of a freezing point depression osmometer (Fiske 110) as the most common and precise way of measuring osmolality, by using two different volumes of tear samples on healthy subjects, and to determine the possible applications of this device in tear film research and clinical practice. Methods: Measurements were made by using the Fiske 110 osmometer under two different tear sample volumes (4 μl and 2 μl). In both cases, samples were diluted in purified water to obtain the 20 μl required by the device to perform the measurement (1:4 and 1:9 dilutions, respectively). Inter-session reproducibility was determined in two groups of 40 healthy subjects, in two sessions, one week apart. In each group, one of the two different tear sample volumes was used to determine the reproducibility of each technique. Results: No significant differences were detected between the measurements obtained in the two sessions using the 4 μl (paired t-test, p = 0.772; mean difference AE SD = −0.85 AE 18.77 mOsm/L; 95 per cent limits of agreement [LoAs] = −37.64/+35.94) or the 2 μl volume sample (paired t-test, p = 0.054; mean difference AE SD = 9.27 AE 29.44 mOsm/L; 95 per cent LoAs = −48.43/+66.97). Conclusions: Whereas both techniques show an acceptable inter-session reproducibility, the bias range with the present protocol was higher using the 2 μl tear sample volume than the 4 μl one. Therefore, it seems that the diluted 4 μl sample was the only dilution that could be acceptable for use in routine clinical practice for tear film analysis.

show abstract

“…Hyperosmolarity may also be negatively associated with BUT and positively with the DE diagnostic questionnaire by McMonnies in mild‐to‐moderate patients with DED; other studies, however, have only found weak, but significant association between high hyperosmolarity and lower LL thickness, changes in symptoms and dry spot formation (fluorescein staining) . One study was unable to find associations between hyperosmolarity and reported DE symptoms and frequency among mild‐to‐moderate patients with DED (mean age = 28 years); however, the study, apart from relatively young subjects, is hampered by a number of factors as discussed by the authors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

External eye symptoms in indoor environments

Wolkoff

2016

Indoor Air

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Eye irritation, for example dry or irritated eyes, is generally among top three reported symptoms in office-like environments, in particular among workplaces with cognitive demanding visual display unit (VDU) work. The symptoms are especially among middle and advanced ages and particularly among women more than men. The symptoms are also among the most commonly reported complaints in the eye clinic. To be in a position to interpret the high prevalence of eye symptoms, a multidisciplinary and integrated approach is necessary that involves the external eye physiology (separate from internal eye effects), eye diseases (evaporative dry eye (DE), aqueous-deficient DE, and gland dysfunctions), and risk factors that aggravate the stability of precorneal tear film (PTF) resulting in hyperosmolarity and initiation of inflammatory reactions. Indoor environmental, occupational and personal risk factors may aggravate the PTF stability; factors such as age, contact lenses, cosmetics, diet, draft, gender, low humidity and high temperature, medication, outdoor and combustion pollutants, and VDU work.Psychological stressors may further influence the reporting behavior of eye symptoms.The impact of the risk factors may occur in a combined and exacerbating manner. The symptoms are also among the most commonly reported complaints in the eye clinic, 8 and dry eye disease (DED) is the most common cause of chronic eye irritation in patients over age of 50. 9,10 These external symptoms, as opposed to internal symptoms such as tired or strained eyes (asthenopia) as already described by Dante in 1304-1307, 11 are categorized as dry eye (DE)-like symptoms.12 The symptoms are especially among middle and advanced ages throughout the world and expected to increase due to visually highly demanding workplaces increase continuously and so does the average age of the workforce.Indoor air pollution and low relative humidity (RH) have been proposed to explain the external DE symptoms; furthermore, a number of occupational and personal risk factors have been suggested to exacerbate the symptom reporting. 13 For instance, high ozone concentrations, especially in aircraft, have been proposed to initiate both gas (homogeneous) and surface (heterogeneous) reactions with reactive substances to produce a complex host of gas-and particle-phase products, for example formaldehyde. 14-16 The key question in search of causality for DE symptoms in office workers is how important indoor air pollution is in comparison with occupational, environmental, and personal risk factors. For instance, reported DE symptoms among young and middle-aged Japanese office workers were significantly higher among those with clinically diagnosed DED (12%) than in those with probable (54%) or undiagnosed DED (34%);

show abstract

Investigation of Tear Osmolarity Using the TearLab Osmolarity System in Normal Adults in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 48 publications

References 45 publications

Evaluation of lacrimal production, osmolarity, crystallization, proteomic profile, and biochemistry of capuchin monkeys’ tear film

Evaluation of lacrimal production, osmolarity, crystallization, proteomic profile, and biochemistry of capuchin monkeys’ tear film

Reproducibility in measuring tear samples using a freezing point depression osmometer

External eye symptoms in indoor environments

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About