Evaluation of lacrimal production, osmolarity, crystallization, proteomic profile, and biochemistry of capuchin monkeys’ tear film

Raposo, Ana; Portela, Ricardo Wagner; Masmali, Ali M.; Cardoso-Brito, Vinicius; Bernardo, Marcos F.; Oliveira, Dayse Cury; Oriá, Arianne Pontes

doi:10.1111/jmp.12368

Cited by 15 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…f Grade 2: small branchessometimes thick and large-with clear gaps between the ferns (blue arrows), and nuclei not visible. Note the similarity between panel (a) and (d); between (b) and (e); Furthermore panel (b) is closer to (e), whereas (b) and (f) appear more similar than (c) and (f), suggesting that Roland type I is similar to Masmali grade 0, and Rolando type II shares some common features with both Masmali grades 1 and 2 when compared to humans [6,10,11], dogs [13,14], capuchin monkeys [15] and horses [12]; crystals arrangement when confronting with descriptions of horses [12], capuchin monkeys [15] and dogs [13,14]; and nuclei visibility when compared to all species previously mentioned [6,[10][11][12][13][14][15] plus camels [11]. All these pattern differences can be attributed to variations in tear composition [10], sampling method [25], temperature and humidity [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…However, the pattern with the second highest frequency the Masmali scale (28.4% in grade 2) is considered unhealthy in humans [10]. Raposo et al [15] attributed the high frequency of Masmali grade 2 (72.7%) in lacrimal film of capuchin monkeys samples to species-specific characteristics, since all the animals were also healthy. Under these circumstances, the occurrence of grade 2 patterns in the cats evaluated in the present study is likely to be a standard of normality for cats, since the animals were clinically healthy, and no statistical difference was observed regarding gender or age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to humans [6,10,11], the Rolando and Masmali grading scales have been applied in horses [12], dogs [13,14], camels [11] and capuchin monkeys [15]. Although no record in the veterinary medicine literature documents the use of a grading scale specifically for animals, previous studies have successfully used the human grading scales in some animal species, thus showing that the TFT is a feasible and complementary test that is simple and inexpensive for ocular surface assessment [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of tear ferning test in cats for evaluation of ocular surface

et al. 2020

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Background: The tear film is a trilaminar fluid composed mainly of lipids, electrolytes, proteins and water. It is responsible for lubrication, nutrition and protection against microbial and toxic agents. Disruption of any these components may weaken the ocular surface, making it more susceptible to disease. Increasing evidence suggests that qualitative tear film deficiencies are an important predisposing factor or cause of some of the most common and challenging ocular diseases in cats, including conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer, spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED), pigmentary keratitis, corneal sequestrum and dry eye syndrome. The aim of this study was to describe the tear ferning test in healthy cats and to compare the results by using two grading scales for humans. Tear samples were collected using Schirmer tear test (STT) strips from 60 healthy cats, and, after centrifuging the strips to obtain the samples, the aliquot was placed on clean microscope glass until it dried and the tear ferning patterns were observed under a polarized light microscope and classified according to the Rolando and Masmali grading scales. Results: Ferning patterns in the lower grades showed full crystallization with high density, without gaps between the ferns and branches, forming several nuclei that were easily distinguished. According to the Rolando scale, 50% (60/120), 46.6% (56/120) and 3.4% (4/120) of eyes showed type I, II and III patterns, respectively. According to the Masmali scale, 15% (18/120), 56.6% (68/120 eyes) and 28.4% (34/120) of eyes showed grade 0, 1 and 2 patterns, respectively. No difference was observed between the right and left eyes for both Rolando (P = 0.225) and Masmali (P = 0.683) scales. Conclusions: The tear ferning test is a qualitative test that can be used in cats as a complementary evaluation of the ocular surface. While the Rolando scale showed an increased prevalence of types I and II, the Masmali scale showed an increased prevalence of grades 1 and 2. This can be attributed to the species-specific differences between human and feline tear film. So Masmali grade 2 can be considered a normal tear pattern for the species, because all the cats used in study were clinically healthy. For this reason, future complementary studies are necessary for comparing healthy eyes and eyes with different ocular surface disease in cats. Both scales can be feasible options for grading tear crystallization in cats, but as Rolando scale included 96.6% of the samples in the 2 types that are considered normal for humans, we think that this scale seemed to be more precise to classify crystallization pattern in cats. The crystallization patterns observed in this study can form the basis for standardizing ocular surface parameters in cats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of tear ferning test in cats for evaluation of ocular surface

et al. 2020

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“…Albumin is an important serum component among vertebrates, presenting a role in ion transport and osmolarity maintenance [22,40]. It is noteworthy that this component is among the most abundant ones in the tears of the three species studied herein and humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Our protein profile of roadside hawk tears differed in terms of abundance compared to mammalian tears, but in general, the same proteins were identified in both. Compared to primates, [3,22] a higher abundance of albumin was observed in the roadside hawk tear fluid, which may reflect its importance in the maintenance of osmolarity, thereby reducing possible damage caused by flight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The proteomics of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears

et al. 2020

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Background: Tears play an important role in ocular surface protection, and help wild animals maintain visual acuity in the face of air and water friction. The proteomics of tears has only been described for mammals. The knowledge of the proteomics of wild animal tears can aid not only in the setting of normal standards for ocular disease studies in these animals, but also to base the search for new molecules to be used in ophthalmology therapeutics. We therefore set out to describe the proteomic profile of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears. Tears were collected from healthy animals, their spectral profiles were obtained with an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer, and the dataset was analyzed against reference taxa. Results: For roadside hawk, 446 proteins were identified, the most abundant being albumin, transferrin, globulin and actin. For broad-snouted caiman and loggerhead sea turtle, 1358 and 163 proteins were identified, respectively. Uncharacterized proteins and transferrin were highly abundant in both species. The roadside hawk tear components and their properties were similar to those described for humans, but with a higher albumin concentration. Broad-snouted caiman tears presented a wide diversity of ontological functions, with an abundant presence of enzymatic compounds. In loggerhead sea turtle tears, the predominance of proteins with ion-transport functions was consistent with possible osmolality-maintenance mechanisms. Conclusion: These data enhance our understanding of birds and reptiles' tears microcomposition and may be used to base the discovery of new molecules with high biotechnological potential.

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