Introduction, production, and persistence of five grass species in dry hill country

Moloney, S. C.; Lancashire, J. A.; Barker, D. J.

doi:10.1080/00288233.1993.10427485

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Moloney (1991) found that mixtures that included tall fescue and cocksfoot produced more dry matter than ryegrass alone in central North Island regions. Pure sowings of cocksfoot or tall fescue also outyielded ryegrass in the central North Island (Moloney et al 1993). In moist North Island conditions, Hainsworth et al (1991) and Judd et al (1990) found that ryegrass produced more than cocksfoot or tall fescue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of binary seed mixtures of ryegrass, cocksfoot and tall fescue on pasture production

Stevens¹,

Hickey²

2000

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This study measured total dry matter production and botanical composition of binary mixtures of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), as a replacement series in proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 from June 1987 until May 1993. The binary mixtures were sown in March 1986 with white clover, on an occasionally drought affected Kaweku silt loam, with an average annual rainfall of 750 mm near Riversdale, in Southland. Mixtures with ryegrass were allowed a 6-month establishment period before ryegrass was overdrilled in early October 1986. Total yields of ryegrass/cocksfoot mixtures increased as ryegrass seeding rate increased. Clover yields were generally unaffected. Mixtures of cocksfoot/tall fescue produced more sown grass than either species sown alone. This lowered clover and other grass yields, resulting in no total dry matter yield improvement in mixtures compared to pure sowings. Tall fescue/ ryegrass mixtures were competitive in winter and spring with lower total yields than either species sown alone. This competition also lowered other grass yields. During summer and autumn the total production increased as the amount of ryegrass increased. Seed mixtures with two perennial temperate pasture grasses did not provide any extra pasture production in a cool temperate environment under infrequent hard grazing management. The best choice for the region would be the grass that provided the greatest dry matter yield. Other components such as clover may be reduced when mixing grasses. Keywords: cocksfoot, competition, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, mixtures, pasture yield, replacement series, ryegrass, tall fescue, white clover

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of binary seed mixtures of ryegrass, cocksfoot and tall fescue on pasture production

Stevens¹,

Hickey²

2000

ProNZG

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“…The application of 300 kg N ha )1 increased the total chlorophyll content in the cocksfoot leaves from 0AE55 g m )2 in irrigated plants with N deficiency to 0AE96 g m )2 in non-N-deficiency plants for the 21-day regrowth period (P. Peri, unpublished data). Ultimately, any reduction in Pmax will limit canopy expansion and therefore light interception, leading to differences in pasture growth (Donohue et al, 1981;Moloney et al, 1993;Peri et al, 2001). It follows that decreased chlorophyll formation during nitrogen deficiency decreased the photosynthetic potential of the leaf by decreasing protein content and activity (Evans, 1996).…”

Section: Nitrogen Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, RuBisCO enzyme activity, obtained from gas exchange measurements, has been reported to vary positively in proportion to leaf nitrogen content (Sims and Pearcy, 1989). Ultimately, any reduction in Pmax will limit canopy expansion and therefore light interception, leading to differences in pasture growth (Donohue et al, 1981;Moloney et al, 1993;Peri et al, 2001).…”

Section: Nitrogen Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in ambient CO 2 conditions, the main determinants of growth have been shown to be temperature (T), water (W) (Radcliffe and Baars, 1987;Moloney, 1991;Barker et al, 1993) and nitrogen (N) status (Donohue et al, 1981;Moloney et al, 1993;Peri et al, 2001). The influence of these factors on cocksfoot has usually been expressed in isolation or by their influence on seasonal production, with limited explanation of the physiological basis for the responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling net photosynthetic rate of field‐grown cocksfoot leaves under different nitrogen, water and temperature regimes

Peri

Moot

McNeil

et al. 2002

Grass and Forage Science

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A simple multiplicative model using temperature, foliage nitrogen (N) concentration and water status was developed to predict the maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax) of field‐grown cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) leaves when none, one, two or all the factors were limiting. The highest Pmax was 27·4 μmol CO2 m–2 s−1 in non‐limited conditions, which was defined as the standardized Pmax value dimensionless (Pmaxs=1). Pmaxs increased 0·058 units per °C from 10°C to the optimum range (19–23°C) (Pmaxs=1) and then declined 0·077 units of Pmaxs per °C from 23 to 31°C. Pmaxs=1 was also measured from 59 to 52 g N kg−1 dry matter (DM) foliage N. Pmaxs then decreased at the rate of 0·115 units per 10 g N kg−1 DM from 52 to 26 g N kg−1 DM, and 0·409 units of Pmaxs per 10 g N kg−1 DM from 26 to 15 g N kg−1 DM. For predawn leaf water potential (ψlp), Pmaxs=1 was measured from −0·1 to −1·2 bar but declined linearly at a rate of 0·078 units per bar of ψlp from −1·2 to −14·0 bar because of a linear decrease in stomatal conductance. An interaction between low N content (≤20 g N kg−1 DM) and high temperature (>23°C) was also detected. Together, this multiplicative model accounted for 0·82 of the variation in Pmaxs.

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“…In the first year (Table 3) Kara dominated the mixture, by the second it was equal to Roa but by the third year Roa dominated (54% v. 20% of TDM). This sudden change in composition can be explained by: a high sowing rate of cocksfoot relative to tall fescue (600 V. 800 seeds/m2 respectively -ideally this should have been 200 v. 800) (Tables 4 and 5); long rotation lengths in the first year particularly over autumn and winter; and an increase in the amount of nitrogen applied (from 50 to 90 kg N/ha/year), which would have favoured tall fescue (Moloney et al 1993).…”

Section: Two On-farm Evaluations Of Grasslands Wana and Karamentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection, management and use of cocksfoot cultivars in North Island pastoral farming

Moloney¹

1993

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Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) is the second most commonly sown grass species after ryegrass in New Zealand farming. In 1980, Grasslands Apanui was replaced by two new but very different cocksfoot cultivars characterised by improved digestibility and rust tolerance, cool-season growth and greater persistence. Grasslands Wana, semiprostrate and densely tillered, was developed for dryland pastures of low soil fertility heavily set stocked by sheep. Grasslands Kara, of low tiller density and open structure, was developed for lowland pastures of higher soil fertility as a companion to other tufted grass species to be rotationally grazed. Despite the different intended uses for the two cultivars, Wana was widely used in all environments. As a consequence, many farmers have been disappointed with the dominance of by Wana, particularly in lowland pastures of medium to high fertility where important companion grasses and clover have been suppressed, leading to poor pasture palatability. This paper describes key cultivar differences and discusses their implications for North Island farming systems, using the results of two on-farm trials to demonstrate cultivar and management effects. Guidelines on sowing rates, cultivar selection and management techniques for avoiding and reversing cocksfoot dominance are provided. Keywords: cool-season production, Dactylis glomerata, dominance, Grasslands Wana, Grasslands Kara, 'target cocksfoot percentage', lowland

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Introduction, production, and persistence of five grass species in dry hill country

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of binary seed mixtures of ryegrass, cocksfoot and tall fescue on pasture production

Effects of binary seed mixtures of ryegrass, cocksfoot and tall fescue on pasture production

Modelling net photosynthetic rate of field‐grown cocksfoot leaves under different nitrogen, water and temperature regimes

Selection, management and use of cocksfoot cultivars in North Island pastoral farming

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