Internet of medical things (IoMT)-integrated biosensors for point-of-care testing of infectious diseases

Abstract

On global scale, the current situation of pandemic is symptomatic of increased incidences of contagious diseases caused by pathogens. The faster spread of these diseases, in a moderately short timeframe, is threatening the overall population wellbeing and conceivably the economy. The inadequacy of conventional diagnostic tools in terms of time consuming and complex laboratory-based diagnosis process is a major challenge to medical care. In present era, the development of point-of-care testing (POCT) is in demand for fast detection of infectious diseases along with “on-site” results that are helpful in timely and early action for better treatment. In addition, POCT devices also play a crucial role in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases by offering real-time testing and lab quality microbial diagnosis within minutes. Timely diagnosis and further treatment optimization facilitate the containment of outbreaks of infectious diseases. Presently, efforts are being made to support such POCT by the technological development in the field of internet of medical things (IoMT). The IoMT offers wireless-based operation and connectivity of POCT devices with health expert and medical centre. In this review, the recently developed POC diagnostics integrated or future possibilities of integration with IoMT are discussed with focus on emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases like malaria, dengue fever, influenza A (H1N1), human papilloma virus (HPV), Ebola virus disease (EVD), Zika virus (ZIKV), and coronavirus (COVID-19). The IoMT-assisted POCT systems are capable enough to fill the gap between bioinformatics generation, big rapid analytics, and clinical validation. An optimized IoMT-assisted POCT will be useful in understanding the diseases progression, treatment decision, and evaluation of efficacy of prescribed therapy.

Nanobiotechnology as a platform for the diagnosis of COVID-19: a review

“…Nanotechnology can advance the diagnosis of COVID-19 and offer an advanced diagnostic approach based on a POC sensing technology [294]. It can be interfaced with the Internet of things artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, [295], and internet of medical things (IoMT)-integrated biosensors [296] for investigating practical informatics via data storage, sharing, and analytics. They can circumvent conventional techniques such as low sensitivity, low selectivity, high cost, and long diagnostic time [297].…”

Perspectives of Manipulative and High-Performance Nanosystems to Manage Consequences of Emerging New Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants

“…Such proposed approaches are time-consuming as a lot of scientific studies are required followed up by a plan of clinical trials. Giving preference to infection severity, the role of AI/ML and IoMT becomes crucial (Jain et al, 2021;Kumar et al, 2021). The AI/ML will undoubtedly help predict the accuracy of models expected to perform in the desired manner.…”

“…The AI/ML will undoubtedly help predict the accuracy of models expected to perform in the desired manner. Moreover, the assistance of IoMT will be helpful to introduce telehealth/ telemedicine for timely therapy decisions and the sharing of bioinformatics with medical centers to establish a correlation between viral infection progression and human health (Jain et al, 2021;Kumar et al, 2021).…”

“…In contrast, other methods such as the rapid antigen testing can be done quickly but can only detect a large count of COVID-19 antigens from the concentrations in the range of 1484 copies/mL to 780 × 10 6 copies/mL (Fenollar et al, 2021). Recently, antibodybased immunosensing approaches, including electrical, optical, capacitance, and magneto-plasmonic techniques, have efficiently detected SARS-CoV-2 protein and allowed rapid detection of COVID-19 viral protein at pM to fM levels in a small volume of sample (Kaushik et al, 2020;Jain et al, 2021). High-performance optoelectronic nanosystems have been introduced in the above discussed diagnostic approaches to achieve better performance and develop a miniaturized system suitable for point-of-care (POC) testing.…”

“…High-performance optoelectronic nanosystems have been introduced in the above discussed diagnostic approaches to achieve better performance and develop a miniaturized system suitable for point-of-care (POC) testing. The POC diagnostics of the COVID-19 pandemic, supported by the internet of medical things (IoMT) are highly recommended to successfully manage this pandemic (Kaushik et al, 2020;Jain et al, 2021). The IoMT approach will enable rapid bioinformatics sharing with medical centers for timely analysis to make timely therapeutic decisions.…”