Interleukins 2, 6, and 8 levels in human gingival sulcus during orthodontic treatment

Cytokines in crevicular fluid and orthodontic force: a systematic review

“…Among these studies, further analysis of the titles, abstracts, and fulltexts revealed that 25 were relevant for the present study. A summary of papers that were excluded is presented in Figure 1 (exhibiting the orthodontic mechanics, GCF sampling methods, and cytokine measurements) [1][2][3][4][5][6][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41].…”

“…The mechanical stimuli applied on teeth provoke inflammatory responses in periodontal tissues, with release of inflammatory mediators, inducing the biological processes that promote alveolar bone resorption and apposition [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

“…Cytokines are key mediators involved in initiating, amplifying, perpetuating, and resolving inflammatory responses [1,7]. The actions of cytokines include several effects on immune cells and modulation of inflammatory responses [10,11].…”

“…Several studies also revealed that cytokines are fundamental in cell signaling in bone [14,18,19] and in mediating mechanically induced bone remodeling (e.g. by orthodontic forces) [1,2,20].…”

“…In addition, several narrative reviews have extensively illustrated the involvement of regulatory proteins in periodontal remodeling promoted by orthodontic stimuli [1,2,4,6], but little effort has been made to systematically investigate the time-related regulations and production mechanisms of these regulatory proteins stimulated by mechanical stress. Thus, this systematic review aimed to analyze studies on cytokine expression in the GCF during orthodontic treatment, evaluating the regulation patterns of cytokines over time and addressing their clinical implications.…”