Interleukin-1β and β-Glucuronidase in gingival crevicular fluid from molars during rapid palatal expansion

Cytokines in crevicular fluid and orthodontic force: a systematic review

“…The mechanical stimuli applied on teeth provoke inflammatory responses in periodontal tissues, with release of inflammatory mediators, inducing the biological processes that promote alveolar bone resorption and apposition [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

“…Most studies have been addressing new mediators and upand down-regulation of these protein levels in different treatments. However, limited information is available from studies on the relationship between orthodontic tooth movement and regulatory proteins in GCF [2,3,9].…”

“…The cytokines are produced by cells in the periodontal tissue as fibroblasts and osteoblasts, and they participate in normal physiological bone turnover and remodeling [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Many characteristics of these cytokines are of interest in orthodontics, since cytokines in the GCF reflect the microenvironment of periodontal tissues, in which orthodontic forces are applied [2,4,15]. Several studies also revealed that cytokines are fundamental in cell signaling in bone [14,18,19] and in mediating mechanically induced bone remodeling (e.g.…”

“…Several studies also revealed that cytokines are fundamental in cell signaling in bone [14,18,19] and in mediating mechanically induced bone remodeling (e.g. by orthodontic forces) [1,2,20].…”

“…In addition, several narrative reviews have extensively illustrated the involvement of regulatory proteins in periodontal remodeling promoted by orthodontic stimuli [1,2,4,6], but little effort has been made to systematically investigate the time-related regulations and production mechanisms of these regulatory proteins stimulated by mechanical stress. Thus, this systematic review aimed to analyze studies on cytokine expression in the GCF during orthodontic treatment, evaluating the regulation patterns of cytokines over time and addressing their clinical implications.…”