Infection process and host responses to Elsinoë ampelina, the causal organism of grapevine anthracnose

Current status and future prospects of grapevine anthracnose caused by Elsinoe ampelina: An important disease in humid grape‐growing regions

“…The conidial germination and infection of E. ampelina in China (Li et al, 2019) are the same as that described by Braga et al (2019) in Brazil based on histopathological observation. Every conidium forms one to five germ tubes during germination on grape leaves (Figure 2e,f) (Braga et al, 2019;Li et al, 2019).…”

“…The conidial germination and infection of E. ampelina in China (Li et al, 2019) are the same as that described by Braga et al (2019) in Brazil based on histopathological observation. Every conidium forms one to five germ tubes during germination on grape leaves (Figure 2e,f) (Braga et al, 2019;Li et al, 2019). Cuticle degradation is observed on the surface of grape leaves underneath germ tubes, and direct penetration of E. ampelina occurs on the leaf surface with or without appressorium formation (Figure 2g) (Braga et al, 2019).…”

“…Second, conidial germination and infection can occur at temperatures ranging from 2 to 32 °C with the optimal temperature between 24 and 26 °C (Carisse et al, 2020;Dubos, 2000;Li et al, 2018;Thind, 1995). On the surface of grape leaves, the conidial germination rate reaches 95% at 26 °C after 24 hr (Malakhova, 1977) and 85% at 25 °C after 3 days (Li et al, 2019). Lastly, under controlled conditions with optimal wetness, the infection of E. ampelina needs 7-10, 4-7, 2-4, and 1.5-2 hr at 12, 16.5, 21, and 30 °C, respectively.…”

“…Acervuli containing short, cylindrical conidiophores bearing conidia are formed on necrotic lesions once the disease is established (Li et al, 2019 ). Conidia are cylindrical to oblong with rounded ends (Figure 2d ), hyaline, and aseptate, 3.4–7.5 × 2.0–3.5 µm (Li et al, 2018 ; Magarey, Coffey, et al, 1993 ; Santos et al, 2018c ; Sompong et al, 2012 ).…”

“…Although some studies have been conducted to elucidate the molecular interactions between grape and E. ampelina (Ahn, Kim, Jo, et al, 2014;Gao et al, 2020), the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the past, most of the studies focused on pathogen identification and pathogenicity (Santos et al, 2018a(Santos et al, , 2018c, sporulation induction (Li et al, 2018;Santos et al, 2018b), characterization of the infection and colonization processes (Braga et al, 2019(Braga et al, , 2020Li et al, 2019), identification of resistant cultivars and hybrids (Hopkins & Harris, 2000;Poolsawat et al, 2012), development of molecular markers linked to disease resistance genes (Kim et al, 2008), and expression and screening of disease resistance-related genes (Gao et al, 2012;Seehalak et al, 2011;Vasanthaiah et al, 2010). Although many relevant studies have been published on grapevine anthracnose in recent years, in particular on the two genomes of E. ampelina recently published (Haridas et al, 2020;, a recent review of the literature for this pathosystem is not available.…”