Inactivation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-A with an Electrolyzed Anodic Solution

Suzuki, Tetsuya; Itakura, Jun; Watanabe, Mikio; Ohta, Masahito; Sato, Yuri; Yamaya, Yuko

doi:10.1021/jf010828k

Cited by 57 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…The ability of ECAS to inactivate pre-formed bacterial toxins has been investigated using staphylococcal enterotoxin-A (SEA) [91]. This toxin is classically heatstable and resistant to treatment with strong acid and alkali; nonetheless, significant inactivation was recorded when ECAS a was present in excess [91].…”

Section: Microbial Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This toxin is classically heatstable and resistant to treatment with strong acid and alkali; nonetheless, significant inactivation was recorded when ECAS a was present in excess [91]. In-depth analysis found that the immunoreactive site of SEA was denatured (even in the presence of organic loading) and that extensive peptide fragmentation occurred with accompanying loss of amino acid content [91].…”

Section: Microbial Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Electrochemically activated solutions: evidence for antimicrobial efficacy and applications in healthcare environments

Thorn

Lee

Robinson

et al. 2011

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

106

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Due to the limitations associated with the use of existing biocidal agents, there is a need to explore new methods of disinfection to help maintain effective bioburden control, especially within the healthcare environment. The transformation of low mineral salt solutions into an activated metastable state, by electrochemical unipolar action, produces a solution containing a variety of oxidants, including hypochlorous acid, free chlorine and free radicals, known to possess antimicrobial properties. Electrochemically activated solutions (ECAS) have been shown to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and have the potential to be widely adopted within the healthcare environment due to low-cost raw material requirements and ease of production (either remotely or in situ). Numerous studies have found ECAS to be highly efficacious, as both a novel environmental decontaminant and a topical treatment agent (with low accompanying toxicity), but they are still not in widespread use, particularly within the healthcare environment. This review provides an overview of the scientific evidence for the mode of action, antimicrobial spectrum and potential healthcare-related applications of ECAS, providing an insight into these novel yet seldom utilised biocides.

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Section: Microbial Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microbial Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemically activated solutions: evidence for antimicrobial efficacy and applications in healthcare environments

Thorn

Lee

Robinson

et al. 2011

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Studies on the virucidal effect of the anolyte are rare and insufficient, basically on the possibilities of applying the anolyte in the implementation of effective control of viral diseases in humans and animals and especially on particularly dangerous viral infections, as staphylococcal Enterotoxin-A [18] and the classical swine fever (CSF) virus, caused by enveloped viruses belonging to the genus Pestivirus [19]. According to J.A.…”

Section: Electrolysis Of Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evaluation of the Mathematical Model of Interaction of Electrochemically Activated Water Solutions (Anolyte and Catholyte) with Water

Ignatov¹,

Mosin²,

Toshkova³

et al. 2015

European Reviews of Chemical Research

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This paper deals with the evaluation of the basis of the mathematical model of interaction of electrochemically activated water solutions (catholyte/anolyte), obtained in the diaphragm electrolysis cell, with water and sodium chloride and the basic physical-chemical processes underlying the electrolysis of water as well. In order to provide additional data about the distribution of H 2 O molecules according to the energies of hydrogen bonds in the electrochemically activated water solutions of the catholyte and the anolyte, the non-equilibrium energy spectrum 72 European Reviews of Chemical Research, 2015, Vol.(4), Is. 2 (NES) and differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES) of the anolyte and the catholyte were measured as a result of which were established the basis for evaluation of the mathematical model explaining the behavior of the anolyte and the catholyte regarding the distribution of H 2 O molecules to the energies of hydrogen bonds. The local maximum for catholyte in the NESspectrum was at -0,1285 eV, for anolyte -at -0,1227 eV and for the control sample of deionized water -at -0,1245 eV. The calculations of ∆E H...O for catholyte with using the DNES method compiles (-0,004±0,0011 eV) and for anolyte (+1,8±0,0011 eV). The average energy of hydrogen bonds between Н 2 О molecules was measured by the DNES method to be compiled at -0,1067±0,0011 eV.Keywords: electrochemical treatment of water, electrolysis, anolyte, catholyte, NES, DNES. IntroductionThe phenomenon of electrochemical activation of water (EAW) is a set of electrochemical and electrical processes occur in water in the electric double layer (EDL) type of electrodes (anode and cathode) with non-equilibrium electric charge transfer through EDL by electrons under the intensive dispersion in water the gaseous products of electrochemical reactions [1]. In 1985 EAW was officially recognized as a new class of physical and chemical phenomena.As a result of the treatment of water by a constant electric current at electric potentials equal to or greater than the decomposition potential of water (1,25 V), water goes into a metastable state, accompanied by electrochemical processes and characterized by the abnormal activity levels of electrons, the redox potential, and other physical-chemical parameters (pH, Eh, ORP) [2].During the EAW occur four main processes: 1) Electrolytical decomposition of water by electrolysis on account of redox reactions on the electrodes due to the external electric field;2) Electrophoresis -the movement in the electric field of a positively charged particles and ions toward the cathode and negatively charged particles and ions toward the anode;3) Electroflotation -the gas formation and flocculation of aggregates consisting of finedispersed gas bubbles (H 2 at the cathode and O 2 at the anode) and suspended solids in water; 4) Electrocoagulation -the formation of colloidal aggregates of particles of deposited disperse phase through a process of anode dissolution of the metal and the formation of metal cations Al...

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“…Studies on the virucidal effect of the anolyte are rare and insufficient, basically on the possibilities of applying the anolyte in the implementation of effective control of viral diseases in humans and animals and especially on particularly dangerous viral infections, as staphylococcal Enterotoxin-A [18]. One of them is the classical swine fever (CSF), prevalent in different regions of the world and inflicting heavy economic losses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying the Antimicrobial and Antiviral Effects of Electrochemically Activated Nacl Solutions of Anolyte and Catholyte on a Strain of E. Coli DH5 and Classical Swine Fever (CSF) Virus

Toshkova¹,

Ignatov²,

Karadzhov³

et al. 2015

European Journal of Medicine

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This paper outlines the results on the antiviral and antimicrobial action of electrochemically activated NaCl solutions (anolyte/catholyte), produced in the anode and cathode chamber of the electrolitic cell, on classical swine fever (CSF) virus and a stain of E. coli DH5. It was found that the anolyte did not affect the growth of the cell culture PK-15; the viral growth during the infection of a European Journal of Medicine, 2015, Vol.(9), Is. 3 125 cell monolayer with a cell culture virus was affected in the greatest degree by the anolyte in 1:1 dilution and less in other dilutions; whereas the viral growth at the infection of a cell suspension with the CSF virus was affected by the anolyte in dilution 1:1 in the greatest degree, and less by other dilutions; viral growth at the infection with a virus in suspension of the cell monolayer was affected by the anolyte in all dilutions. Unexpectedly, the stronger biocidal effect of the catholyte was observed when a strain of E. coli DH5 was treated by the anolyte and catholyte, respectively. In order to provide additional data about the antiviral activity of the electrochemically activated water and the distribution of H2O molecules according to the energies of hydrogen bonds, the nonequilibrium energy spectrum (NES) and differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES) of the anolyte and catholyte were measured.Keywords: anolyte, catholyte, E. coli DH5, CSF virus, NES, DNES. IntroductionThe phenomenon of electrochemical activation of water (EAW) is a set of electrochemical and electrical processes occur in water in the electric double layer (EDL) type of electrodes (anode and cathode) with non-equilibrium electric charge transfer through EDL by electrons under the intensive dispersion in water the gaseous products of electrochemical reactions [1]. In 1985 EAW was officially recognized as a new class of physical and chemical phenomena.As a result of the treatment of water by a constant electric current at electric potentials equal to or greater than the decomposition potential of water (1,25 V), water goes into a metastable state, accompanied by electrochemical processes and characterized by the abnormal activity levels of electrons, the redox potential, and other physical-chemical parameters (pH, Eh, ORP) [2].The main stage of electrochemical treatment of water is the electrolysis of water or aqueous solutions with low mineralization as aqueous solutions of 0,5-1,0 % sodium chloride (NaCl) [3], which occurs in the electrolysis cell, consisting of the cathode and the anode separated by a special semipermeable membrane (diaphragm) which separates water to alkaline fraction -the catholyte and acidic fraction -the anolyte (Figure 1). When the passing of the electric current through water the flow of electrons from cathode as well as the removal of electrons from water at the anode, is accompanied by series of redox reactions on the surface of the cathode and the anode [4]. As the result, new elements are being formed, the system of intermolecular interacti...

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Inactivation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-A with an Electrolyzed Anodic Solution

Cited by 57 publications

References 28 publications

Electrochemically activated solutions: evidence for antimicrobial efficacy and applications in healthcare environments

Electrochemically activated solutions: evidence for antimicrobial efficacy and applications in healthcare environments

The Evaluation of the Mathematical Model of Interaction of Electrochemically Activated Water Solutions (Anolyte and Catholyte) with Water

Studying the Antimicrobial and Antiviral Effects of Electrochemically Activated Nacl Solutions of Anolyte and Catholyte on a Strain of E. Coli DH5 and Classical Swine Fever (CSF) Virus

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