“…Utilizing externally applied vibratory mechanism cells are very likely to be affected by these intermediate “layers”. For example, vibrations usually have to pass through the vibrators or vibration devices, platform holding or containing the vibrators, scaffold inside or on top of platform, and the inner environment of scaffold, after which it would finally reach cells [ 67 , 70 , 89 , 91 ]. The vibration properties such as frequency generated externally and received by cells therefore might be unidentical or undesirable, which could compromise the precisely-controlled vibration.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several researches have utilized mechanical stimulators on dynamic cell culture, where means like piezoelectric actuator or vibratory transducer have been commonly applied for generating vibratory stimulations [ 65 , 79 , 89 ]. Bone cells, like osteoblasts, have been frequently studied using such stimulators to compare with cells that are cultured in static.…”
Section: Vibration Mechanisms Applied For Cell Cultivationmentioning
Cell culture and cell scaffold engineering have previously developed in two directions. First can be ‘static into dynamic’, with proven effects that dynamic cultures have benefits over static ones. Researches in this direction have used several mechanical means, like external vibrators or shakers, to approximate the dynamic environments in real tissue, though such approaches could only partly address the issue. Second, can be ‘2D into 3D’, that is, artificially created three-dimensional (3D) passive (also called ‘static’) scaffolds have been utilized for 3D cell culture, helping external culturing conditions mimic real tissue 3D environments in a better way as compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) culturing. In terms of the fabrication of 3D scaffolds, 3D printing (3DP) has witnessed its high popularity in recent years with ascending applicability, and this tendency might continue to grow along with the rapid development in scaffold engineering. In this review, we first introduce cell culturing, then focus 3D cell culture scaffold, vibration stimulation for dynamic culture, and 3DP technologies fabricating 3D scaffold. Potential interconnection of these realms will be analyzed, as well as the limitations of current 3D scaffold and vibration mechanisms. In the recommendation part, further discussion on future scaffold engineering regarding 3D vibratory scaffold will be addressed, indicating 3DP as a positive bridging technology for future scaffold with integrated and localized vibratory functions.
“…Utilizing externally applied vibratory mechanism cells are very likely to be affected by these intermediate “layers”. For example, vibrations usually have to pass through the vibrators or vibration devices, platform holding or containing the vibrators, scaffold inside or on top of platform, and the inner environment of scaffold, after which it would finally reach cells [ 67 , 70 , 89 , 91 ]. The vibration properties such as frequency generated externally and received by cells therefore might be unidentical or undesirable, which could compromise the precisely-controlled vibration.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several researches have utilized mechanical stimulators on dynamic cell culture, where means like piezoelectric actuator or vibratory transducer have been commonly applied for generating vibratory stimulations [ 65 , 79 , 89 ]. Bone cells, like osteoblasts, have been frequently studied using such stimulators to compare with cells that are cultured in static.…”
Section: Vibration Mechanisms Applied For Cell Cultivationmentioning
Cell culture and cell scaffold engineering have previously developed in two directions. First can be ‘static into dynamic’, with proven effects that dynamic cultures have benefits over static ones. Researches in this direction have used several mechanical means, like external vibrators or shakers, to approximate the dynamic environments in real tissue, though such approaches could only partly address the issue. Second, can be ‘2D into 3D’, that is, artificially created three-dimensional (3D) passive (also called ‘static’) scaffolds have been utilized for 3D cell culture, helping external culturing conditions mimic real tissue 3D environments in a better way as compared with traditional two-dimensional (2D) culturing. In terms of the fabrication of 3D scaffolds, 3D printing (3DP) has witnessed its high popularity in recent years with ascending applicability, and this tendency might continue to grow along with the rapid development in scaffold engineering. In this review, we first introduce cell culturing, then focus 3D cell culture scaffold, vibration stimulation for dynamic culture, and 3DP technologies fabricating 3D scaffold. Potential interconnection of these realms will be analyzed, as well as the limitations of current 3D scaffold and vibration mechanisms. In the recommendation part, further discussion on future scaffold engineering regarding 3D vibratory scaffold will be addressed, indicating 3DP as a positive bridging technology for future scaffold with integrated and localized vibratory functions.
“…In an in vitro study, the flowing culture medium was generated to mimic the hemodynamic shear stress in blood to stimulate ECs. The shear stress could be transformed into biological signals through integrin, which would be received by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) to activate the downstream signaling pathways in ECs [ 60 ].…”
Section: Effects Of 3d and Dynamic Culture Environment On Cell Behaviorsmentioning
The traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture methods have a long history of mimicking in vivo cell growth. However, these methods cannot fully represent physiological conditions, which lack two major indexes of the in vivo environment; one is a three-dimensional 3D cell environment, and the other is mechanical stimulation; therefore, they are incapable of replicating the essential cellular communications between cell to cell, cell to the extracellular matrix, and cellular responses to dynamic mechanical stimulation in a physiological condition of body movement and blood flow. To solve these problems and challenges, 3D cell carriers have been gradually developed to provide a 3D matrix-like structure for cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and communication in static and dynamic culture conditions. 3D cell carriers in dynamic culture systems could primarily provide different mechanical stimulations which further mimic the real in vivo microenvironment. In this review, the current advances in 3D dynamic cell culture approaches have been introduced, with their advantages and disadvantages being discussed in comparison to traditional 2D cell culture in static conditions.
“…Comparado a literatura em estudos de cultura celular, apesar dos diversos parâmetros de irradiação nesses trabalhos, também são perceptíveis inúmeras possibilidades do pico de liberação da FALC, enzima que normalmente está relacionada a diferenciação celular sendo expressiva no 7º dia (CHINTAVALAKORN et al, 2016;BARRON et al, 2012). Outro estudo utilizando a linhagem MC3T3-E1 obteve o pico da fosfatase alcalina aos trinta e cinco dias de experimento (JACKSON et al, 2006).…”
Section: Fosfatase Alcalinaunclassified
“…Mas o estudo precursor de Stein et al (2005) empregou células imortalizadas derivadas de osteossarcoma humano (Saos-2) e observou diferença significante na atividade da fosfatase. Esses resultados fortalecem a hipótese de que cada linhagem celular responde de forma diferente na ativação da FALC e aos parâmetros da fotobioestimulação por laser ou LED (CHINTAVALAKORN et al, 2016).…”
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