In Vitro Biological Evaluation of a Fabricated Polycaprolactone/Pomegranate Electrospun Scaffold for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Different scaffold biomaterials are being investigated as a solution for bone loss due to disease or trauma. The aim of this study is the fabrication, characterization, and in vitro biological evaluation of a novel polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoscaffold incorporating pomegranate peel extract (PG) for bone regeneration. Using electrospinning, three groups of scaffolds were prepared: the control group PCL and two groups of PCL with PG concentrations (11 and 18 weight %). The antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content (TPC) of the fabricated nanoscaffolds were evaluated, in addition to the porosity and degradation measurement. Cultured osteoblasts derived from rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were used for the assessment of cell proliferation and attachment on the scaffold’s surface. Scaffolds’ characterization showed uniform nanofibers (NFs) with a fiber diameter range of 149–168 nm. Meanwhile, higher antioxidant activity and TPC of the PG groups were detected. Furthermore, total porosities of 59 and 62% were determined for the PCL–PG scaffolds. An increased degradation rate and significant improvement in cell proliferation and cell attachment were revealed for the PCL–PG fabricated scaffolds. Such incorporation of natural food waste, PG, in PCL NFs offered novel PCL–PG scaffolds as a promising candidate for bone regeneration applications.

A Novel Approach for the Fabrication of 3D-Printed Dental Membrane Scaffolds including Antimicrobial Pomegranate Extract

“…The 13% PVA/2% S/3% PEscaffold had a 50% cumulative release in 5 h. The 13% PVA/2% S/5% PE scaffold released 50% of its PPE: PSE in 3 h. The 13% PVA/2% S/7% PE and 13% PVA/2% S/9% PE scaffolds released 50% of their PPE: PSE within 24 h. According to the study performed by Hussein et al, approximately 80% of the pomegranate extract was completely released from the scaffolds in 160 h [ 54 ]. In our study, similar results were obtained, which showed that a 100% release of PPE: PSE was detected after 168 h. In another study carried out by Sadek et al, a 50% release of pomegranate extract was observed within 72 h [ 55 ]. These results reported that the release kinetics of the pomegranate extract in our study mainly showed similar behaviour to that reported in the literature.…”

Frontier Electrospun Fibers for Nanomedical Applications

“…Electrospun scaffolds were prepared from PCL and pomegranate peel extract as a natural food waste with high phenolic content. Such scaffold revealed enhanced antioxidant activity by 96% and the cultured osteoblasts showed complete embedment in the scaffolds, with an active osteogenic matrix secretion for bone ingrowth [80]. Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) was deposited onto electrospun poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate/polyaspartic acid resulting in a porous, hydrophilic, and good-strength scaffold.…”

Effects of electrospun fibers containing ascorbic acid on oxidative stress reduction for cardiac tissue engineering

“…Electrospinning offers the advantage of straightforward manipulation of scaffold morphology to mimic the architecture of the native tissue 31 . Electrospun fibers have previously encapsulated a range of bioactive molecules such as proteins, 32–34 decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM), 35–37 and various molecules with antioxidant properties 20,38–43 . AA is known to stimulate growth of and production of collagen by fibroblasts, 44 thus has been previously encapsulated within PCL/hyaluronic acid blended fibers 45 and polylactic acid/PCL copolymer fibers 46 for skin tissue engineering, and polylactic acid fibers to promote ECM production for pelvic floor repair 47 .…”

“… 31 Electrospun fibers have previously encapsulated a range of bioactive molecules such as proteins, 32 , 33 , 34 decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM), 35 , 36 , 37 and various molecules with antioxidant properties. 20 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 AA is known to stimulate growth of and production of collagen by fibroblasts, 44 thus has been previously encapsulated within PCL/hyaluronic acid blended fibers 45 and polylactic acid/PCL copolymer fibers 46 for skin tissue engineering, and polylactic acid fibers to promote ECM production for pelvic floor repair. 47 Within cardiac tissue engineering, coaxial electrospinning has been used to develop PCL and gelatin nanofibers incorporating both an AA derivative and salvianolic acid B, a Chinese herbal medicine.…”