A Novel Approach for the Fabrication of 3D-Printed Dental Membrane Scaffolds including Antimicrobial Pomegranate Extract

Abstract

In this study, a dental membrane scaffold was fabricated using a 3D printing technique, and the antimicrobial effect of pomegranate seed and peel extract were investigated. For the production of the dental membrane scaffold, a combination of polyvinyl alcohol, starch, and pomegranate seed and peel extracts was used. The aim of the scaffold was to cover the damaged area and aid in the healing process. This can be achieved due to the high antimicrobial and antioxidant content of pomegranate seed and peel extracts (PPE: PSE). Moreover, the addition of starch and PPE: PSE improved the biocompatibility of the scaffold, and their biocompatibility was tested using human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. The addition of PPE: PSE into the scaffolds resulted in a significant antimicrobial effect on S. aureus and E. faecalis bacteria. Moreover, different concentrations of starch (1%, 2%, 3% w/v) and pomegranate peel and seed extract (3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, and 11% PE v/v) were analyzed to obtain the ideal dental membrane structure. The optimum starch concentration was chosen as 2% w/v due to it giving the scaffold the highest mechanical tensile strength (23.8607 ± 4.0796 MPa). The pore sizes of each scaffold were studied by SEM analysis, and pore sizes were arranged between 155.86 and 280.96 μm without any plugging problems. Pomegranate seed and peel extracts were obtained by applying the standard extraction method. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed using the diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) technique to analyze the phenolic content of the pomegranate seed and peel extracts. Two phenolic components of the pomegranate seed and peel extracts were investigated in the following amounts: fumaric acid (17.56 μg analyte/mg extract) and quinic acid (18.79 μg analyte/mg extract) in pomegranate seed extract and fumaric acid (26.95 μg analyte/mg extract) and quinic acid (33.79 μg analyte/mg extract) in pomegranate peel extract.

Fabrication of ethosuximide loaded alginate/polyethylene oxide scaffolds for epilepsy research using 3D-printing method

“…These T g and T m temperatures changed from 65 °C to 69 °C and 262 °C-267 °C respectively, when the PEO concentration was highest in the scaffold. This result proves the energetic interactions and intermolecular connections between pure SA and PEO according to changes in the melting temperature (Ozturk et al, 2022;Karabulut et al, 2023).…”

Fabrication of Periodontal Membrane From Nelumbo nucifera: A Novel Approach for Dental Applications

“…One such composite scaffold synthesized from bacterial cellulose, chitosan, and hydroxyapatite was studied for the release of pomegranate peel extract. The study found that the release of the extract was dose-dependent and had a microbicidal effect with good wound-healing abilities [21,22]. However, the precise control of concentration and its cost in fabrication, and interfacial bonding is still a problem.…”

Pomegranate seeds: a comprehensive review of traditional uses, chemical composition, and pharmacological properties

“…This scaffold covers the damaged area and contributes to healing. The incorporation of PSE and PPE enhances bacteriostatic activity against S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis , thereby improving anti-microbial efficacy and demonstrating promising potential for clinical applications ( Karabulut et al, 2023 ).…”