In vitro assessment of reproductive toxicity of cigarette smoke and deleterious consequences of maternal exposure to its constituents

Abstract

Cigarette smoke is known to be a serious health risk factor and considered reproductively toxic. In the current study, we investigated whether constituents of cigarette smoke, pyrazine, 2-ethylpyridine, and 3-ethylpyridine, adversely aff ect reproductive functioning such as oocyte maturation and sperm capacitation. Our fi ndings indicated that three smoke components were involved in retardation of oocyte maturation in a dose-dependent manner and the lowest-observed-adverse-eff ect level (LOAEL) was determined to be 10 -10 M. However, individual smoke components administrated at the LOAEL did not attenuate oocyte maturation, demonstrating that all three toxicants were equally required for the observed growth impairment. When exposed to all three components at 10 -10 M during in vitro capacitation, murine sperm lost forward progression and were unable to show adequate hyperactivation, which is indicative of the incompletion of the capacitation process. Only sperm administrated with 3-ethylpyridine alone showed signifi cant reduction in capacitation status, suggesting the chemical is the one responsible for disrupting sperm capacitation. Taken together, this is the fi rst report that documents the eff ect of cigarette smoke components on oocyte maturation and sperm capacitation. The present fi ndings demonstrate the adverse eff ects of smoke constituents of mammalian reproduction and the diff erences in sensitivity to smoke components between male and female gametes. Since both processes take place in the female reproductive system, our data provide new insights into deleterious consequences of maternal exposure to cigarette smoke.

Effects of Vitamin E Administration on Menstrual Disorders among Adolescents who have Smoking Family Members

“…Active smokers inhaled smoker directly from the cigarette, while passive smokers will inhale from other people's tobacco smoke. Various studies have shown that passive smoking has the same risk as active smokers for coronary heart disease, stroke, emphysema, lung cancer, and chronic lung disease [15][16][17] .…”

Sigara Dumanına Maruz Kalan Sıçanlarda Tokoferalinin Oksidatif Stres ve Over Fonksiyonlarına Etkisi

“…Components of tobacco smoke will accumulate on the female reproductive organs 10,21 .…”

WNT4-like protein is a cortical granule component in mouse oocytes and functions in regulating preimplantation embryogenesis

“…To capacitate sperm in vitro, samples were incubated in Whittingham medium supplemented with 10 mM HEPES and 4% BSA [Whittingham 1971] for 1 h under light mineral oil at 37 C in 5% C0 2 :95% air. Sperm capacitation status was assessed based on hyperactivation by objective photographic method [Wu and Liu 2012].…”

“…Oocyte or preimplantation embryo samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde made in DPBS, pH 7.4, for 30 min at room temperature [Wu and Liu 2012]. Samples were permeabillized by 0.1% Triton x-100 made in blocking solution (7.5 mg/mL glycine in PBS) for 5 min.…”