Regulation of fatty acid uptake, lipid production and storage, and metabolism of lipid droplets (LDs), is closely related to lipid homeostasis, adipocyte hypertrophy and obesity. We report here that stomatin, a major constituent of lipid raft, participates in adipogenesis and adipocyte maturation by modulating related signaling pathways. In adipocyte-like cells, increased stomatin promotes LD growth or enlargements by facilitating LD-LD fusion. It also promotes fatty acid uptake from extracellular environment by recruiting effector molecules, such as FAT/CD36 translocase, to lipid rafts to promote internalization of fatty acids. Stomatin transgenic mice fed with high-fat diet exhibit obesity, insulin resistance and hepatic impairments; however, such phenotypes are not seen in transgenic animals fed with regular diet. Inhibitions of stomatin by gene knockdown or OB-1 inhibit adipogenic differentiation and LD growth through downregulation of PPARγ pathway. Effects of stomatin on PPARγ involves ERK signaling; however, an alternate pathway may also exist.
Cigarette smoke is known to be a serious health risk factor and considered reproductively toxic. In the current study, we investigated whether constituents of cigarette smoke, pyrazine, 2-ethylpyridine, and 3-ethylpyridine, adversely aff ect reproductive functioning such as oocyte maturation and sperm capacitation. Our fi ndings indicated that three smoke components were involved in retardation of oocyte maturation in a dose-dependent manner and the lowest-observed-adverse-eff ect level (LOAEL) was determined to be 10 -10 M. However, individual smoke components administrated at the LOAEL did not attenuate oocyte maturation, demonstrating that all three toxicants were equally required for the observed growth impairment. When exposed to all three components at 10 -10 M during in vitro capacitation, murine sperm lost forward progression and were unable to show adequate hyperactivation, which is indicative of the incompletion of the capacitation process. Only sperm administrated with 3-ethylpyridine alone showed signifi cant reduction in capacitation status, suggesting the chemical is the one responsible for disrupting sperm capacitation. Taken together, this is the fi rst report that documents the eff ect of cigarette smoke components on oocyte maturation and sperm capacitation. The present fi ndings demonstrate the adverse eff ects of smoke constituents of mammalian reproduction and the diff erences in sensitivity to smoke components between male and female gametes. Since both processes take place in the female reproductive system, our data provide new insights into deleterious consequences of maternal exposure to cigarette smoke.
Controlling fatty acid uptake, lipid production and storage, and metabolism of lipid droplets (LDs), are closely related to lipid homeostasis, adipocyte hypertrophy and obesity. We report here that stomatin, a major constituent of the lipid raft, participate in adipogenesis and lipogenesis by preferentially recruiting effectors, such as perilipin for LD fusion or transporters for fatty acid uptake. Adipocyte-like cells having increased stomatin expressions exhibit higher levels of fatty acid uptake and LD growth or enlargements. Moreover, transgenic mice fed with a high-fat diet showed increased stomatin expression that facilitated progression of obesity and caused insulin resistance and hepatic impairments. Conversely, inhibitions of stomatin by gene knockdown or pharmacological treatments could block not only LD growth but also adipogenic differentiation through downregulation of PPARγ pathway. Effects of stomatin on PPARγ involved ERK signaling; however, an alternate pathway also exist. Amongst various anti-obesity measures, stomatin serves as another potential therapeutic target.
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