Impact of inertia emulation control of grid-scale BESS on power system frequency response

Battery Energy Storage Systems in the United Kingdom: A Review of Current State-of-the-Art and Future Applications

“…To this end, a 6 MW/10 MWh BESS is deployed in a 33/11 kV primary substation in Leighton Buzzard [22]. Projects 3,11,12,15,16 and 17 are part of the Northern Powergrid's Customer-Led Network Revolution (CLNR) project, which aims at assessing the potential for new network technologies and flexible customer response. For this purpose, six battery storage units are connected at three different locations, representing different grid conditions, with the placements offering a representative sample of 80% of the entire UK power grid.…”

“…Inertia is an inherent property of power systems including conventional power plants, due to the kinetic energy generated and stored in the rotating parts of synchronous generators (SGs), which is released in case of disturbances to keep the frequency within safe operating limits [16]. On the other hand, power converters decouple the energy sources from the grid, and thus they do not provide inertial response [77].…”

“…A frequency derivative-based inertia emulation method for BESSs is introduced in [90]: the converters' active power references and the frequency derivative signal, which is estimated by a frequency-locked-loop, are proportionally related, thus achieving inertia enhancement and improvement of frequency nadir and ROCOF during severe frequency deviations. In [16], the impact of including inertial emulation control of a transmission-system connected BESS on the frequency response is evaluated. Ref.…”

“…For example, BESSs are used to store excessive generation from RESs; they are deployed at customers' facilities by acting as "emergency supply"; they are used to defer network upgrade or in energy arbitrage applications [1,11,14]. In addition to the aforementioned services, there is a significant potential for the expansion of use of BESSs to additional emerging applications, including harmonic mitigation and provision of synthetic inertia [7,15,16].…”

Inertial frequency response provided by battery energy storage systems: Probabilistic assessment

“…The core of the energy storage system is the transformation of electrical energy into some other energy form that could be reconverted into electricity [6]. In this paper, the EESS consists of a classical battery energy storage system (BESS) -see Fig 1. A very generic model of a BESS consists of two main subsystems [6,7]: (i) a power conversion system (PCS) and the battery energy system (BES).…”