The number of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) installed in the United Kingdom and worldwide is growing rapidly due to a variety of factors, including technological improvements, reduced costs and the ability to provide various ancillary services. The aim of this paper is to carry out a comprehensive literature review on this technology, its applications in power systems and to identify potential future developments. At first, the main BESSs projects in the UK are presented and classified. The parameters provided for each project include rated power, battery technology and ancillary services provided, if any. In the next section, the most commonly deployed ancillary services are classified and described. At the same time, the nomenclature found in the literature is explained and harmonised. The second part of the paper focuses on future developments and research gaps: ancillary services that currently are not common but that are likely to be deployed more widely in the future will be described, and more general research topics related to the development of BESSs for power system applications will be outlined.
In this paper, voltage unbalance compensation in a three-phase power distribution system by means of single-phase connected battery energy storage systems (BESSs) is proposed. A novel control strategy based on orthogonal signal generation is presented to regulate active and reactive power injection from the BESS inverter. A modified version of the 'IEEE 13 node' benchmark system is built in MATLAB / Simulink and three case studies are illustrated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed compensation method.
In light of the increasing penetration of single-phase loads and generation in the power system, voltage unbalance issues are expected to exacerbate. Single-phase connected photovoltaic (PV) panels may cause unequal three-phase power flows, resulting in unbalanced grid currents and voltages. In addition, the random charging behaviour of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) equipped with single-phase on-board chargers is expected to further contribute to voltage unbalance rise as the number of these devices grows. If voltage unbalance increases to unacceptable levels, it may have adverse effects on power system operation and on the equipment connected to it. Traditionally, the phase swapping technique has been deployed by distribution system operators for voltage unbalance mitigation, while other mitigating techniques include the deployment of power electronics-based devices. The majority of the devices reported in the literature are based on three-phase configurations, including series and parallel active power filters, unified power quality conditioners (UPQCs), static synchronous compensators (STAT-COMs) and, more recently, three-phase distributed generation (DG) inverters.This research proposes the use of single-phase battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for the provision of phase balancing services, which has been considered only in a few literature works, with most of these research papers focusing on three-phase BESSs. In this thesis, a novel control strategy is proposed for single-phase BESS units to compensate voltage unbalance by injecting both active and reactive power simultaneously. The proposed approach is based on the coordinated operation of three independent single-phase BESS inverters using local voltage and current measurements.Initially, a comprehensive literature review is performed with the following aims: a robust classification of the ancillary services currently offered by BESSs, harmonisation of the notation found in the literature for ancillary services, and identification of potential future applications of BESSs to power grids with large number of Low Carbon Technologies (LCTs). Then, the effectiveness of the proposed voltage unbalance compensation method is validated in the simulation environment, where two realistic models of distribution systems are developed. Next, the impact of increasing PV and EV penetration levels on voltage unbalance for a typical UK distribution system is assessed based on a deterministic approach. The control strategy is validated experimentally by carrying out Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) tests. Finally, an equivalent model of the distribution system and BESS inverter is derived, which allows to carry out a preliminary probabilistic study to cater for the uncertainties related to the location and size of the PVs and EVs, and to evaluate the voltage unbalance levels without and with the BESSs controlled to provide voltage unbalance compensation.It is concluded that the proposed BESS control system may effectively reduce the voltage unbalance levels under...
This paper proposes a control algorithm for singlephase battery inverters to provide voltage unbalance compensation in distribution networks with high penetration of photovoltaic panels and electric vehicles. A typical distribution system is studied to quantify the impact of single-phase loads and generating units on voltage unbalance levels, and identify the conditions that lead to the highest voltage unbalance. Voltage unbalance compensation is then performed by regulating active and reactive power exchange between three single-phase battery energy storage units and the power grid. The proposed control strategy consists of an upper level control system to coordinate the three units by sending active and reactive power reference signals, and a BESS control system to regulate active and reactive power exchange between each single-phase inverter and the grid. Simulation results show that the effectiveness of this approach depends on the location where the energy storage units are installed. The positive impact of the proposed methodology on balancing the power flow and reducing the transformer zerosequence current is also demonstrated. Finally, Hardware-In-The-Loop (HIL) experiments are carried out to provide validation of the control algorithm in real-time.
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