Immune-Enhancing Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 200655 Isolated from Korean Kimchi in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mouse Model

Abstract

The immune system plays a crucial defense-mechanism role by preventing pathogens and various infectious agents from initiating disease [1]. Homeostasis in the immune system is maintained by immunostimulation and immunosuppression, leading to immune regulation [2]. This defense system classically comprises the two sectors of innate and adaptive immunity [3]. In the non-specific defenses, known as innate immunity, neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells perceive exogenous factors and promote the production of cytokines [4]. When macrophages are activated, they eliminate the hazard directly by phagocytosis and indirectly by releasing inflammatory cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the interleukins . In contrast, the specific defenses, known as adaptive immunity, are characterized by T and B cells [6]. Inflammatory cytokines are also accompanied by the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways [7], which are mediated by toll-like receptors (TLRs) [8]. Physiological and pathological responses, including stress responses, inflammation, and apoptosis, are mediated by the MAPK signaling pathway in mammalian cells and tissues [9]. In the MAPK signaling pathway, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 plays important roles, activating the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, which are inflammatory factors [10]. Moreover, the MAPK cascade and IL-8 secretion are triggered by . In addition to MAPK, NF-κB regulates the expression of proinflammatory mediators. NF-κB p65 protein combines with IκB protein and exists in the cytoplasm. Depending on external stimuli, NF-κB kinases (IKKs) can phosphorylate the IκB family of proteins, followed by ubiquitination and degradation, further phosphorylating p65 and releasing it into the nucleus, where it promotes inflammation.Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used alkylating cytotoxic agent that exerts broad-spectrum activities in modulating immune responses against various illnesses [1,12]. However, administration of high-dose CP can cause immunosuppression and intestinal complications [13]. CP-induced immunosuppression decreases the number In this study, we evaluated the immune-enhancing activity of kimchi-derivedLactobacillus plantarum 200655 on immune suppression by cyclophosphamide (CP) in ICR mice. Animals were fed distilled water or 1×10 9 colony-forming unit/kg B.W. 200655 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as a positive control for 14 days. An in vivo model of immunosuppression was induced using CP 150 and 100 mg/kg B.W. at 7 and 10 days, respectively. Body weight, spleen index, spleen weight, and gene expression were measured to estimate the immune-enhancing effects. The dead 200655 (D-200655) group showed an increased spleen weight compared to the sham control (SC) group. Similarly, the spleen index was significantly higher than that in the CP-treated group. The live 200655 (L-200655) group showed an increased mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in splen...

Probiotic characterization of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HOM3204 and its restoration effect on antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in mice

“…Several studies have reported that Lact. plantarum strains alleviate gut-related metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and modulate immune response (Yoo et al 2013;Park et al 2020;Kim et al 2021).…”

Enhancement of Immune Functions by Limosilactobacillus reuteri KBL346: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

“…Several strains of Lactobacillus species, including L. rhamnosus NCU011054 [ 9 ], L. rhamnosus CRL1506 [ 31 ], L. reuteri PSC102 [ 32 ], L. plantarum Lp2v [ 10 ], L. plantarum 20655 [ 11 ], L. plantarum NCU116 [ 12 ], and L. acidophilus LA85 [ 13 ], showed immune-boosting effects in a CPA-induced immunosuppressed model. L. casei CRL431 and L. paracasei CNCM I-1518 increase immune-related cytokines, such as IL-6 and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1, and mediate immune stimulation through Toll-like receptors [ 33 , 34 ].…”

“…However, studies on the immunomodulatory function of Lactobacillus have been rarely reported in the context of improving immune suppression. Some strains of L. casei [ 9 ], L. plantarum [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], and L. acidophilus [ 13 ] isolated from various food sources were reported to enhance the depressed immunity by cyclophosphamide in in vivo models. However, the effects were highly strain specific and most of the strains originated from fermented foods.…”

Immunoenhancing Effects ofEuglena gracilison a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressive Mouse Model

“…Cyclophosphamide (CCP) has been used extensively in the clinic as an alkylation agent [ 21 ]. CCP inhibits cancer cell proliferation but damages lymphoid organs, particularly the spleen, and decreases the number of lymphocytes, leading to immunosuppression [ 22 , 23 ].…”