An insertion fragment in porcine FSHbeta subunit gene was cloned by PCR. Sequencing data show that the insertion is a retroposon of 292 bp sitting in intron I at the site between + 809 and +810 base. Based on these results, a PCR programme was created to genotype animal individuals in different pig breeds at FSW locus and polymorphism of FSHbeta gene was analyzed. With the combination of genotype and litter size of sows, it was demonstrated that FSHbeta locus is closely associated with major gene controlling litter size in commercial pig breeds, such as Yorkshire, Landrace, Durco. Averagely the AA sows give more 1.5 piglets than BB sows do per litter.
The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, DE and ME contents, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in 7 cottonseed co-products fed to growing pigs. The 7 cottonseed co-products were: cottonseed meals (solvent extracted) with CP level of 46%, 50%, and 55% (46CSM, 50CSM, and 55CSM), cottonseed protein with CP level of 50% and 55% (50CSP and 55CSP), fermented cottonseed meal (CSMF), and expelled cottonseed meal (CSME). The DE and ME contents of the 7 test ingredients were measured using 48 crossbreed barrows (BW: 44.1 ± 4.2 kg) and 8 diets (including a corn-soybean meal basal diet) in a completely randomized design. The AID and SID of AA of the 7 test ingredients were determined using 7 crossbreed barrows (initial BW: 67.4 ± 8.5 kg) in a 6 × 8 Youden square design with 6 periods and 8 diets (including one N-free diet). The DE and ME values of the 7 cottonseed co-products varied from 12.72 to 15.63 MJ/kg and 12.24 to 14.83 MJ/kg, respectively. Among the 7 cottonseed co-products, 55CSP and CSME had the greatest (P < 0.05) ME and DE values compared to the other cottonseed co-products. In addition, 55CSP had the greatest (P < 0.05) AID and SID of all the AA tested except for Gly and Pro. In contrast, 46CSM or 55CSM had the lowest (P < 0.05) AID and SID of all the AA tested except for Gly and Pro. The 55CSP also had the greatest (P < 0.05) concentrations of standardized ileal digestible CP and all the AA tested except for Gly and Pro. In conclusion, the chemical composition, energy, and AA digestibility of cottonseed co-products with different processing techniques varied widely. Based on the energy and AA digestibility, cottonseed protein with CP level of 55% is a better dietary ingredient for growing pigs compared with the other cottonseed co-products.
Weizmannia coagulans is an important potential probiotic with dual characteristics of Bacillus and Lactobacillus. This study describes a novel Weizmannia coagulans PL-W with excellent antibacterial activity isolated from Mongolian traditional cheese, in which safety and probiotic potential were evaluated by complete genome sequencing. The crude bacteriocins of W. coagulans PL-W showed antibacterial activity against various foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes CMCC 54,004, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14,579, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25,923. Moreover, the crude bacteriocins have outstanding stability against pH, temperature, surfactants, and are sensitive to protease. The complete genome sequencing revealed W. coagulans PL-W consists of 3,666,052-base pair (bp) circular chromosomes with a GC content of 46.24% and 3485 protein-coding genes. It contains 84 tRNA, 10 23S rRNA, 10 16S rRNA, and 10 5S rRNA. In addition, no risk-related genes such as acquired antibiotic resistance genes, virulence, and pathogenic factors were identified, demonstrating that W. coagulans PL-W is safe to use. Furthermore, the presence of gene clusters involved in bacteriocin synthesis, adhesion-related genes, and genes contributing to acid and bile tolerance indicate that W. coagulans PL-W is a potential candidate probiotic. Thus, antimicrobial activity and genome characterization of W. coagulans PL-W demonstrate that it has extensive potential applications as a food protective culture.
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