The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, DE and ME contents, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in 7 cottonseed co-products fed to growing pigs. The 7 cottonseed co-products were: cottonseed meals (solvent extracted) with CP level of 46%, 50%, and 55% (46CSM, 50CSM, and 55CSM), cottonseed protein with CP level of 50% and 55% (50CSP and 55CSP), fermented cottonseed meal (CSMF), and expelled cottonseed meal (CSME). The DE and ME contents of the 7 test ingredients were measured using 48 crossbreed barrows (BW: 44.1 ± 4.2 kg) and 8 diets (including a corn-soybean meal basal diet) in a completely randomized design. The AID and SID of AA of the 7 test ingredients were determined using 7 crossbreed barrows (initial BW: 67.4 ± 8.5 kg) in a 6 × 8 Youden square design with 6 periods and 8 diets (including one N-free diet). The DE and ME values of the 7 cottonseed co-products varied from 12.72 to 15.63 MJ/kg and 12.24 to 14.83 MJ/kg, respectively. Among the 7 cottonseed co-products, 55CSP and CSME had the greatest (P < 0.05) ME and DE values compared to the other cottonseed co-products. In addition, 55CSP had the greatest (P < 0.05) AID and SID of all the AA tested except for Gly and Pro. In contrast, 46CSM or 55CSM had the lowest (P < 0.05) AID and SID of all the AA tested except for Gly and Pro. The 55CSP also had the greatest (P < 0.05) concentrations of standardized ileal digestible CP and all the AA tested except for Gly and Pro. In conclusion, the chemical composition, energy, and AA digestibility of cottonseed co-products with different processing techniques varied widely. Based on the energy and AA digestibility, cottonseed protein with CP level of 55% is a better dietary ingredient for growing pigs compared with the other cottonseed co-products.
In order to explore the role of inorganic and organic nitrogen on physiological process of Scenedesmus quadricauda, we studied the influence of two nitrogen compounds, ammonium and alanine nitrogen on growth, physiological characteristics. Chlorophyll a and maximal photochemical quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax) and Saturating Light intensity (Ik) were measured by Phyto-PAM under the concentration of nitrogen 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10, 20, 50 mg/L. Results indicated that Chlorophyll a of Scenedesmus quadricauda was the lowest in 0.5 mg/L and 50 mg/L, and it was the highest value in 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L in ammonium nitrogen treated group. In alanine experiment group, Chlorophyll a of Scenedesmus quadricauda was raised with the increase of alanine concentration and was positive relation with alanine concentration. These results showed that ammonium (<5 mg/L and >20 mg/L) inhibited the growth of Scenedesmus quadricauda and that alanine nitrogen is more easily for Scenedesmus quadricauda to take up. Fv/Fm, ETRmax and Ik of Scenedesmus quadricauda showed different tendency between ammonium and alanine experiment group. These parameters showed higher in 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L than that of the other concentration in ammonium experiment group. In alanine experiment group, Fv/Fm, ETRmax and Ik of Scenedesmus quadricauda were rising with higher alanine concentration and the fluctuation of these values of these parameters was in a small range. Scenedesmus quadricauda was sensitive to low ammonium concentration (<5 mg/L) and high ammonium concentration (> 20 mg/L). The higher alanine concentration promoted the growth of Scenedesmus quadricauda.
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