Identification of trailer heat zones and associated heat stress in weaner pigs transported by road in tropical climates

Machado, Nítalo André Farias; Martin, Jessica; Filho, José Antônio Delfino Barbosa; Dias, Carlos Tadeu Santos; Pinheiro, Daniel Gurgel; Oliveira, Kenio Patrício Lima de; Souza, João Batista Freire de

doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102882

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Understanding the effects of meteorological elements that act as stressors and increase the challenge imposed on pigs during transportation, in a tropical climate, is essential to elucidate the potential deleterious effects of heat stress and losses that may occur during this process (Machado et al, 2021a) In addition, studies indicate that the pigs' boarding in certain behaviors of the bodywork associated with the impacts caused by the vibration of the load along the trip can cause a scenario of greater susceptibility to physical stress and muscular exhaustion in the pigs transported in certain regions of the trailer (Peeters et al, 2008;Conte et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Machado

Barbosa-Filho²,

Ramalho

et al. 2021

Eng. Agríc.

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This study evaluates the dynamics of heat zones in the load and its relationship with the stress of pigs during transport. Four journeys of 170 km were monitored, recording the physiological variables of 192 animals (48 per journey), namely rectal temperature (RT), body temperature (BT), respiratory rate (RR), blood lactate concentrations and salivary cortisol. Heat zones and ventilation patterns were characterized by the spatial variability of the enthalpy and the Computational Fluid Dynamics of the load. The formation of a thermal core was observed in the frontal region of the load, which extended through the lower (LD) and upper (UD) decks. Pigs transported in the LD had higher means of RR (UD = 89 and LD = 94 breaths/min), and salivary cortisol (UD = 33.84 and LD = 34.92 ng/mL). The pigs transported in the UD presented the highest mean BT (UD = 38.9 and LD = 38.1 °C) and lactate (UD = 61.63 and LD = 58.26 mg/dL). Pigs transported in the LD of the load were more susceptible to thermal stress, while pigs transported in the UD showed greater physical stress and muscle exhaustion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Machado

Barbosa-Filho²,

Ramalho

et al. 2021

Eng. Agríc.

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“…However, for the plasma CK enzyme variable, no significant differences were found between the summer and winter journeys. Although the average values we found for this enzyme are three times higher than those reported in pigs of a similar category during journeys of less than one hour in the Iberian Peninsula reported by Oliván et al [ 32 ], CK is an important biochemical marker used to measure muscle exhaustion and fatigue during pig transport [ 33 , 34 ] because of the greater the amount of muscle microtrauma and the greater passage of this enzyme to the extracellular environment [ 7 ]. It is possible that the high CK levels found are the result of the interaction between thermal and environmental conditions (sensory stimuli, social interactions, density), the duration of the journey, and lairage time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Even under favorable conditions, long-haul transport can cause different degrees of stress to animals, ranging from discomfort and aversion to death [ 6 ]. Extreme ambient temperatures during long-distance journeys are considered as one of the most important risk factors for dead on arrivals, non-ambulatory animals, skin lesions, and carcass downgrading, especially when microclimate conditions are outside of the optimal thermal comfort zone for pigs [ 7 ]. These thermal conditions may be complex and result from the interaction of several factors such as external climatic conditions, heat and water production from the animals, ventilation regimes, distribution and flow rates, and additional external sources of heat and/or moisture [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Distance Transport of Finisher Pigs in the Iberian Peninsula: Effects of Season on Thermal and Enthalpy Conditions, Welfare Indicators and Meat pH

Lama

Bermejo‐Poza

García-Rebollar

et al. 2021

Animals

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Current legislation in the European Union places limits on live pig transport according to outside temperature, but less is known about the effects of sudden changes in the thermal microenvironment in trailers, particularly during long-distance transport. In this study, we measured the temperature and relative humidity inside livestock vehicles carrying 1920 Spanish finisher pigs (live weight 100 kg and 240 animals per journey) during eight long-distance (>15 h) commercial journeys to slaughter from northern Spain to Portugal in the summer and winter. Here, we report the rate of change in the air temperature (°C × min−1) and air enthalpies in the transport vehicle (kg water kg dry air-1). At sticking, blood samples were taken for to measure cortisol, glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) as stress response indicators, and the meat pH after 45 min and the pH after 24 h were also determined. The rate of change in the air temperature and enthalpy was higher inside the livestock vehicle during the winter months and was positively related with higher cortisol and glucose levels and lower pH after 45 min (p < 0.05). It is proposed that the rate of temperature change and air enthalpy represent useful integrated indices of thermal stress for pigs during transport.

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“…body temperature and may seriously affect their health (CERVANTES et al, 2018), considering the combination between high temperature and relative humidity of the air obtained in Brazil (SILVA et al, 2009). Thus, several studies evaluated microclimate conditions effects in animal welfare and mortality during transport (RITTER et al, 2006;FOX et al, 2014;NANNONI et al, 2014;MACHADO et al, 2021), of which temperatures above 20°C represented a higher risk for thermal stress in pigs FOX et al, 2014;NANNONI et al, 2014). Unfortunately, in this study, pigs were transported in all travels under higher temperatures (Table 4), which may have compromised animal welfare but not contributed to a higher skin lesion incidence, as observed by Dalla .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paralelamente, maiores temperaturas foram registradas nos compartimentos anteriores dos pisos médio e inferior no caminhão "pot belly" devido à ventilação reduzida enquanto menores temperaturas foram observadas em compartimentos superiores devido a menor incidência solar (BROWN et al, 2011). Similarmente, maiores temperaturas foram registradas nos compartimentos anteriores em relação aos demais, justificadas pelas dimensões dos mesmos, pelo fluxo do ar e pela dinâmica da ventilação nestes locais, fatores esses que contribuem com a elevação da temperatura (LENKAITIS et al, 2008;MACHADO et al, 2021).…”

Section: Variáveis Bioclimáticas Do Transporteunclassified

Efeitos do transporte e descanso pré-abate no nível de lesões na pele de suínos terminados

Sobral¹

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A Deus, pela direção e por todas as oportunidades e conquistas. À minha família, especialmente minha mãe Helena, pelo amor, dedicação, exemplo, suporte e incentivo fornecidos por toda a minha vida.Ao meu noivo Roberto pelo amor, carinho, companheirismo, paciência e compreensão durante todo o período do mestrado. Sem a sua imensa ajuda não teria sido possível concluir com sucesso a etapa prática do projeto.Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Iran por ter me recebido abertamente no Nupea e ter tornado possível a concretização desse importante ciclo através de seus direcionamentos e ensinamentos.Aos amigos Giovane, Alessandra, Karen, Serginho e Renata; ao Prof. Dr. Cristian e a equipe do abatedouro e suas granjas. Vocês foram fundamentais para o planejamento, execução e conclusão desse experimento.À toda equipe do Nupea (líder, pós-graduandos, estagiários, funcionários e todos que tiveram uma passagem pelo grupo), que durante todo o período do mestrado proporcionou momentos de aprendizado, de trocas de conhecimento, de parceria, de alegria, de risadas e de estresse de preocupação também, pois ser desafiada e sair da zona de conforto é essencial para o crescimento pessoal e profissional.À Esalq e a Piracicaba, que me inspiraram em diversos momentos, dentro e fora do ciclo acadêmico, e que tenho um carinho muito especial.Às verdadeiras amizades que tive a sorte de conquistar, as quais proporcionam estrutura e leveza para os caminhos da vida.Às minhas doguinhas pela pureza, amor e companheirismo. 4"Não sabendo que era impossível, foi lá e fez".

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Identification of trailer heat zones and associated heat stress in weaner pigs transported by road in tropical climates

Cited by 17 publications

References 49 publications

Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Long-Distance Transport of Finisher Pigs in the Iberian Peninsula: Effects of Season on Thermal and Enthalpy Conditions, Welfare Indicators and Meat pH

Efeitos do transporte e descanso pré-abate no nível de lesões na pele de suínos terminados

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