Lippia alba(Verbenaceae) hydrolate as sedative of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles in simulated transport conditions

Abstract

Lippia alba hydrolate (LAH) is produced as a secondary product in essential oil extraction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of LAH in a simulation of the transport of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles. A series of 17 hr simulations were performed using load densities of 30, 60 and 90 juveniles per L and four LAH concentrations of 0.4%, 1%, 2% and 5%, with a control of just water. Fish survival, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, ammonia excretion, alkalinity water hardness and net Na+, K+, Cl‐ fluxes, were all evaluated before and after the transport simulations. Mucous cell densities in the gills were also determined microscopically, post simulation. The results showed that addition of 5% LAH achieved better survival during the simulation than the water control. Dissolved oxygen was significantly lower with an increased load density. Also, conductivity, NH4 excretion and net ionic fluxes (K+ and Cl−) were lower with 5% LAH, although mainly where higher load densities were tested. Mucous cell density was lower in LAH concentrations of 2% and 5%, again with higher load densities. In view of these findings, it is suggested that 5% LAH is an effective sedative for use in the transport of tambaqui, mainly with high load densities. This work is the first study of LAH and highlights its potential applications in aquaculture management.

Hydrolates: By-products of essential oil distillation: Chemical composition, biological activity and potential uses

“…Better survival of tambaqui (Colossomam acropomum) juveniles was achieved by adding 5% of Lippia alba hydrolate during simulated transport. Based on these findings, it is suggested that 5% of L. alba hydrolate is an effective sedative in the aquaculture management [90].…”

Anesthetic potential of the essential oils of Lippia alba and Lippia origanoides in Tambaqui juveniles

“…Silva et al Tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, is a freshwater fish reported in the Amazon and Orinoco River basins (SANTOS et al, 2009). It has been used as a Neotropical model to test the efficacy of anaesthetics obtained from plants (SACCOL et al, 2017;SILVA et al, 2017;BALDISSEROTTO et al, 2018;BATISTA et al, 2018). Recently, BATISTA et al (2018) demonstrated that EOLA-C was an effective anesthetic for tambaqui, but the effects of EOLA-C and EOLA-L were not compared in this species in the same experiment.…”

Essential oils as anaesthetics and sedatives in native Brazilian fish, with a special emphasis on Colossoma macropomum : A review

“…Another effective sedative protocol for the transport of juvenile C. macropomum is the use of L. alba hydrolate, which is a by‐product of the extraction of the EO. At the concentration of 5%, there is an increase in fish survival, reduced ammonia concentration and low stimulation and production of gill mucous cells, which promotes well‐being for animals during the transport process (Silva et al, 2018). Indeed, the citral chemotype of L. alba EO in the concentration of 20 µl L −1 was effective for the transport of C. macropomum during 17 h at stocking densities of 60 and 90 fish L −1 .…”