Human dopamine receptor nanovesicles for gate-potential modulators in high-performance field-effect transistor biosensors

Abstract

The development of molecular detection that allows rapid responses with high sensitivity and selectivity remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate the strategy of novel bio-nanotechnology to successfully fabricate high-performance dopamine (DA) biosensor using DA Receptor-containing uniform-particle-shaped Nanovesicles-immobilized Carboxylated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (CPEDOT) NTs (DRNCNs). DA molecules are commonly associated with serious diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. For the first time, nanovesicles containing a human DA receptor D1 (hDRD1) were successfully constructed from HEK-293 cells, stably expressing hDRD1. The nanovesicles containing hDRD1 as gate-potential modulator on the conducting polymer (CP) nanomaterial transistors provided high-performance responses to DA molecule owing to their uniform, monodispersive morphologies and outstanding discrimination ability. Specifically, the DRNCNs were integrated into a liquid-ion gated field-effect transistor (FET) system via immobilization and attachment processes, leading to high sensitivity and excellent selectivity toward DA in liquid state. Unprecedentedly, the minimum detectable level (MDL) from the field-induced DA responses was as low as 10 pM in real- time, which is 10 times more sensitive than that of previously reported CP based-DA biosensors. Moreover, the FET-type DRNCN biosensor had a rapid response time (<1 s) and showed excellent selectivity in human serum.

Cell membrane-derived nanomaterials for biomedical applications

“…Since then, this strategy has been used for detecting different odorants as well as sweet and umami tastants [200–202]. Vesicle-based biosensors have also demonstrated utility for other applications beyond taste and smell, including the detection of lung cancer biomarkers [203], neurotransmitters [204], and fungal contaminants [205]. …”

Peptide hormone sensors using human hormone receptor-carrying nanovesicles and graphene FETs

“…Graphene-based sensors presented ambipolar (p-type or n-type) properties, but exhibited a more sensitive and stable performance in the p-type region, due to the adsorption of oxygen from water or air. The main function of hormone receptor-carrying nanovesicles is to bind to hormone molecules, and signals derived from binding events activated the cAMP pathway of nanovesicles 42 . Activation of the Ca 2+ channel induces influx of Ca 2+ into the nanovesicles, which accumulates the potential of the nanovesicles immobilized on the graphene-FET.…”

Recent Advances in Nanostructured Conducting Polymers: from Synthesis to Practical Applications

“…With this operating mechanism, many different types of FET sensors have been developed to detect glucose [189], odorants [190], proteins [191,192], and hormones [193]. Recently, a high-performance dopamine FET sensor was successfully demonstrated using human dopamine receptor-containing nanovesicles as the gate-potential modulator on a PEDOT nanotube channel (Figure 12) [184]. The lowest detection level was as low as 10 pM, which was 10 times more sensitive than that of previously reported CP-based dopamine sensors.…”

“…A great deal of effort has been made to develop various types of CP-based sensors [4,6,8,101,[184][185][186]. The signal transduction mechanism of CPs for sensor applications has mostly relied on changes in the electrical properties.…”