Recent Advances in Nanostructured Conducting Polymers: from Synthesis to Practical Applications

Abstract

Abstract:Conducting polymers (CPs) have been widely studied to realize advanced technologies in various areas such as chemical and biosensors, catalysts, photovoltaic cells, batteries, supercapacitors, and others. In particular, hybridization of CPs with inorganic species has allowed the production of promising functional materials with improved performance in various applications. Consequently, many important studies on CPs have been carried out over the last decade, and numerous researchers remain attracted to CPs from a technological perspective. In this review, we provide a theoretical classification of fabrication techniques and a brief summary of the most recent developments in synthesis methods. We evaluate the efficacy and benefits of these methods for the preparation of pure CP nanomaterials and nanohybrids, presenting the newest trends from around the world with 205 references, most of which are from the last three years. Furthermore, we also evaluate the effects of various factors on the structures and properties of CP nanomaterials, citing a large variety of publications.

Chemoresistive materials for electronic nose: Progress, perspectives, and challenges

“…In addition, they demonstrate inherent limitations such as relatively low conductivity and lack of consistency in their properties. Therefore, considerable research was conducted to combine CPs with other heterogeneous species, and studies are underway to improve the sensitivity and selectivity with hybridization of CPs to other components in sensor applications . The research on CP‐based portable e‐nose systems will be discussed in this section.…”

Recent progress on nanostructured conducting polymers and composites: synthesis, application and future aspects

“…For example, polymers can obtain good solubility and processability by introducing specific functional groups, i.e., poly (3-hexylthiophene NCP based composites exhibit outstanding performances owing to the synergistic performance derived from each component [15]. Finally, it is motivating to investigate suitable applications of NCPs and NCP-based composites by the increasing number of academic and industrial laboratories [9,16], including energy conversion and storage (batteries, supercapacitors, dielectric capacitors, solar cells, fuel cells) [6,7,14,[17][18][19][20][21][22], chemical sensors [23][24][25][26], biosensors [27][28][29], catalysis [30,31], optical devices [32], electroactive devices [33,34], biomedical devices [12,13], electromagnetic interference shielding [35], corrosion protection [16,36], antistatic agent [9], removal of heavy metal ions [37], tissue engineering [38] and other applications. NCPs and NCPbased composites can provide significant improvement of properties, including enhancing electrolyte diffusion for batteries and supercapacitors, improving dielectric performance in ferroelectric polymers-based capacitors, supporting effective exciton dissociation in solar cells, reducing response times and enhancing sensitivity of biosensors and chemical sensors and raising anti-corrosion efficiency.…”

“…According to our knowledge and discussions of other scientists, the distinct definitions of various methods are not quite clear, such as "template-free", "self-assembly" or "soft template" [9]. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages as listed in Table 2.…”

“…However, poor stability, rigidity, insolubility and infusible properties limit their direct use as antistatic agent [400]. Commonly, CPs blended with other polymer matrices have been widely used as a composite for anti-static application [9,401]. The main function of the antistatic agent is to promote a conductive channel.…”

“…Over the last decade, the number of studies on NCPs has rapidly increased and significant progress has been achieved due to several reasons [9]. First, it is important to understand the mechanism of charge transfer and charge transport processes during the redox reactions which results in the outstanding electrical properties [10].…”