“…Hence, when low educated workers interact with bettereducated ones, they become more productive and creative and can hence earn higher wages. There is a longstanding research line that is engaged in investigating these HCEs (see Lucas, 1988, and overviews in Heuerman et al 2010, Psacharopolous et al, 2002Moretti, 2010). At the same time, HCEs may also reflect, what we call, consumption externalities; i.e., the spending power of high educated or high skilled inhabitants (not necessarily only workers) has a positive effect on the income of inhabitants with a lower education or on a lower skilled job (Sassen, 2001).…”