Desigualdad espacial de ingresos en Chile y su relación con la concentración de capital humano

Abstract

RESUMENLa desigualdad espacial de ingresos en los países de América Latina es un tema que ha despertado un reciente interés académico. En particular, Chile se destaca mundialmente por sus elevadas tasas de desigualdad espacial e individual. En este artículo se analiza la desigualdad espacial de ingresos en Chile durante 1992-2011 evaluando el papel de la localización espacial del capital humano (o spatial labor sorting). Los resultados confirman que el capital humano no se distribuye aleatoriamente en el espacio sino que su concentración en los grandes centros urbanos afecta significativamente en la desigualdad de ingresos entre comunas. Estos resultados motivan al análisis sobre la dimensión espacial de la desigualdad de ingresos y sugiere políticas de equidad espacial orientadas a reducir la concentración espacial de capital humano avanzado. ABSTRACTThe spatial income inequality in Latin American countries is a recent academic affair. Particularly, the case of Chile highlights around the world because it has one of the highest individual and spatial inequality rates. This article analyzes the spatial income inequality in Chile during 1992-2011 evaluating the role of the spatial labor sorting through multilevel models. The findings show that human capital doesn't allocate randomly across the space, but its spatial concentration at the biggest urban centers impacts significantly the income inequality between counties. These findings motivate the discussion about spatial dimension of the inequality and suggest that policymakers should consider ways to spread human capital throughout the nation as an alternative to reduce spatial inequality.

Spatial Economic Convergence and Public Expenditure in Ecuador

“…By incorporating different variables such as schooling, level of extreme poverty, participation of primary activities in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and public sector investment, they find a convergence rate of 4.8% for the 1980-1992 period (cited by Willington [53] (p.21)). Also in Chile, Chacón and Paredes [54] confirm that human capital is not distributed randomly in space but that its concentration in large urban centres has a significant effect on the inequality of income between communes in the 1992-2011 period.…”

A spatial analysis of precariousness and the gender wage gap in Mexico, 2005–2018

“…Opportunities in certain regions have not only attracted qualified personnel but have also made it possible for companies to relocate to such places (Moretti 2013). This reinforces spatial inequality, as higher productivity increases local nominal wages (Chacon-Espejo and Paredes 2015). Not all workers have access to high-paying jobs, and most experience inequality.…”

“…Labor precariousness worsens inequality, and both are more acute in regions with less economic development. Inter-regional inequality is due to a net outcome between the centripetal forces of geographical concentration and the centrifugal forces of dispersion (Kim 2008;Chacon-Espejo and Paredes 2015). According to the NEG, "the concept of agglomeration economies and its relationship with spatial economic performance has a central role" (Camagni et al 2015: 133).…”

“…The concentration of economic agents, companies, and consumers is not a random process, but rather reflects the characteristics of a particular region, as well as its natural, social, and competitive advantages. For example, spatial labor sorting-analyzed by theorists like Combes, Duranton, and Gobillon-has been applied by researchers such as Chacon-Espejo and Paredes (2015) to suggest that the most qualified consumers tend to migrate to regions where there is a greater concentration of economic activity and more competitive advantages. Likewise, individuals relocate to places that offer the greatest variety in consumption (Glaeser 1999;Glaeser and Mare 2001;Chacon-Espejo and Paredes 2015) and urban amenities (Florida 2002).…”

Desafíos de Integración Urbana en Chile: Segregación Residencial y el Rol del Capital Humano Avanzado bajo Influencias Neoliberales

“…Lo anterior se sustenta en diversas investigaciones locales (Agostini et al, 2016;Chacón y Paredes, 2015;Rasse et al, 2021;Rodríguez-Vignoli, 2022;Sabatini et al, 2017) que han dado cuenta de los fenómenos de segregación en las ciudades chilenas, especialmente en Santiago. Tema que también ha sido abordado por estudios de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OECD, 2013), los que determinaron que las ciudades chilenas poseían niveles de segregación más altos que las metrópolis de otros países miembros de dicha organización.…”