Human anthrax in Kyrgyz Republic: Epidemiology and clinical features

Kutmanova, Ainura; Doğanay, Mehmet; Zholdoshev, S.

doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.02.043

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…8,20,21 Bacillus antrachis termasuk bakteri gram positif yang mempunyai karakteristik berbentuk basil (batang), bersifat nonmotil dan nonhemolitik, dapat hidup secara aerobik atau anaerobik fakultatif, dapat membentuk kapsul, serta dapat menghasilkan toksin yang menentukan tingkat virulensi bakteri tersebut. 7,14,22 Bakteri antraks dapat dijumpai dalam dua bentuk yaitu sel vegetatif (berukuran sekitar 4x11μm) dan spora (berukuran sekitar 2x1μm). 17,23 Bacillus antrachis termasuk bakteri yang relatif homogen (tingkat polimorfisme rendah), hal tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan oleh siklus hidupnya yang lama sebagai endospora aktif.…”

Section: Pembahasan Agen Dan Diagnosis Antraksunclassified

“…14 Kandungan humus dalam tanah berkisar 2,1-5,5% diketahui berkontribusi terhadap kelangsungan hidup agen infeksi termasuk spora antraks. 22 Spora antraks juga dapat bertahan lama di tanah terutama dengan kondisi kation kalsium tinggi, lembab, pH netral, atau cenderung basa. 27 Ketersediaan senyawa organik di dalam tanah akan mempengaruhi adesi spora, sedangkan, kation kalsium dan level pH berperan penting dalam proses germinasi dan pertahanan viabilitas spora antraks.…”

Section: Pembahasan Agen Dan Diagnosis Antraksunclassified

“…2,10 Spora antraks yang keluar dari tubuh hewan terinfeksi kemudian akan mencemari tanah, rumput, dan sumber air disekitarnya. 22 Tanah atau area yang terkontaminasi dengan spora B. antrachis dikenal sebagai reservoir antraks. 22 Manusia dapat terinfeksi antraks melalui beberapa rute dan umumnya disebabkan adanya interaksi dengan hewan terinfeksi, memakan atau memproses produk hewan yang terkontaminasi.…”

Section: Mekanisme Infeksi Dan Faktor Risiko Antraks Pada Manusiaunclassified

“…22 Tanah atau area yang terkontaminasi dengan spora B. antrachis dikenal sebagai reservoir antraks. 22 Manusia dapat terinfeksi antraks melalui beberapa rute dan umumnya disebabkan adanya interaksi dengan hewan terinfeksi, memakan atau memproses produk hewan yang terkontaminasi. 23,31,32 Manusia dapat terinfeksi antraks melalui 4 rute utama yaitu inhalasi, gastrointestinal, kutaneus, dan intravena/ injeksi.…”

Section: Mekanisme Infeksi Dan Faktor Risiko Antraks Pada Manusiaunclassified

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Gambaran Umum, Prevalensi, dan Pencegahan Antraks pada Manusia di Indonesia

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Apriliana

2020

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Anthrax is a neglected zoonotic disease that remains a global issue because it can cause regular epidemics. Anthrax affects not only health systems but also social-economic conditions, safety, and welfare of the people. This paper aimed to give an overview of human anthrax, prevalence, and prevention in Indonesia. A literature search was performed using search engines such as Google Scholar, Crossref, Mendeley, PLoS One, Elsevier, dan the Ministry of Health official website. The literature used were published between 2015-2020. Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis that affects animals and humans. The virulence factors of these bacteria are determined by the tripartite toxin complex and poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule. Anthrax in humans can be found in four forms, namely cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalational, and injection anthrax. Each form of anthrax can develop into meningitis and sepsis. Anthrax treatment is commonly done by administering antibiotics. In Indonesia, 14 provinces have been declared anthrax endemic areas. The prevalence of human anthrax in Indonesia is fluctuating and most of it is cutaneous anthrax. Prevention and control of anthrax can be done mainly by vaccination, obeying the rules or standard operating procedures of the authorities, multisectoral cooperation, strengthening anthrax surveillance, increasing resources for diagnosis, increasing public knowledge, and awareness.

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Section: Pembahasan Agen Dan Diagnosis Antraksunclassified

Section: Mekanisme Infeksi Dan Faktor Risiko Antraks Pada Manusiaunclassified

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Gambaran Umum, Prevalensi, dan Pencegahan Antraks pada Manusia di Indonesia

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Apriliana

2020

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“…Most animals are slaughtered at home. When animals are slaughtered and meat products are sold, veterinary and hygiene rules are not met and the veterinary service is not informed [ 191 ].…”

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confidence: 99%

Review: The risk of contracting anthrax from spore-contaminated soil – A military medical perspective

Finke¹,

Beyer

Loderstädt

et al. 2020

European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology

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AbstractAnthrax is an infectious disease of relevance for military forces. Although spores of Bacillus anthracis obiquitously occur in soil, reports on soil-borne transmission to humans are scarce. In this narrative review, the potential of soil-borne transmission of anthrax to humans is discussed based on pathogen-specific characteristics and reports on anthrax in the course of several centuries of warfare. In theory, anthrax foci can pose a potential risk of infection to animals and humans if sufficient amounts of virulent spores are present in the soil even after an extended period of time. In praxis, however, transmissions are usually due to contacts with animal products and reported events of soil-based transmissions are scarce. In the history of warfare, even in the trenches of World War I, reported anthrax cases due to soil-contaminated wounds are virtually absent. Both the perspectives and the experience of the Western hemisphere and of former Soviet Republics are presented. Based on the accessible data as provided in the review, the transmission risk of anthrax by infections of wounds due to spore-contaminated soil is considered as very low under the most circumstance. Active historic anthrax foci may, however, still pose a risk to the health of deployed soldiers.

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Resistance finding of Bacillus anthracis towards penicillin in East Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta Provinces, Indonesia

Apriliana

Ruhiat²,

Mariyono³

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Anthrax is a worldwide distributing zoonotic disease, caused by Bacillus anthracis, which occurs sporadically in Indonesia, particularly in the provinces of East Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta, which are the working areas of the Disease Investigation Center (DIC) Wates. Penicillin has been the primary antimicrobial treatment recommended for anthrax since there has never been a report of resistance to this antibiotic in Indonesia. The objective of this research was to assess the sensitivity of B. anthracis isolates from Central Java, East Java, and Yogyakarta to penicillin and tetracycline. Sixteen B. anthracis isolates from DIC Wates collected between 1990-2021 recovered from environmental samples were used in this study. All isolates were identified by phenotype, then tested for sensitivity to penicillin and tetracycline by agar diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) and broth dilution method. The data obtained were compared with the standard and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that all isolates were B. anthracis. One of 16 isolates (6,25%) consistently showed resistance to penicillin, but was sensitive to tetracycline, while 15 isolates (93,75%) showed sensitive to both antibiotics. A penicillin-resistant isolate was soil sample from anthrax endemic area. In conclusion, there was B. anthracis isolate that was found resistance to penicillin. Therefore, tetracycline can be used as an alternative for anthrax treatment.

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Human anthrax in Kyrgyz Republic: Epidemiology and clinical features

Cited by 12 publications

References 11 publications

Gambaran Umum, Prevalensi, dan Pencegahan Antraks pada Manusia di Indonesia

Gambaran Umum, Prevalensi, dan Pencegahan Antraks pada Manusia di Indonesia

Review: The risk of contracting anthrax from spore-contaminated soil – A military medical perspective

Resistance finding of Bacillus anthracis towards penicillin in East Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta Provinces, Indonesia

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