The reduction of CH4 from the digestive tract of ruminants can be done through the use of organic components of plants such as tannins and saponins and the use of probiotics. This study aims to evaluate the addition of organic components and probiotics to the characteristics of rumen fluid and its ability to reduce CH4 in Ongole Cross Breed (PO) cattle. Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) leaf meal and Trembesi (Samanea saman) leaf meal are used as organic components due to their tannin and saponin content. Probiotics contain Acetoanaerobium notarae and Saccharomyces cereviseae. This research used total mixed ration as a feed. A total of 24 heads PO cattle were divided into 4 treatments, ie T1 = control treatment; T2 = T1 + organic components, T3 = T1 + Probiotics and T4 = T1 + organic components + probiotics. The research design was a randomized block design. The combination treatment of the addition of organic components and probiotic caused a decrease in the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (C
2
:C3), percentage of acetic acid, the concentration of CO2 and CH4, but increases the percentage of propionate acid. The combination of organic components and probiotics is the greatest decrease in CH4 production from enteric fermentation.
Anthrax is a worldwide distributing zoonotic disease, caused by Bacillus anthracis, which occurs sporadically in Indonesia, particularly in the provinces of East Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta, which are the working areas of the Disease Investigation Center (DIC) Wates. Penicillin has been the primary antimicrobial treatment recommended for anthrax since there has never been a report of resistance to this antibiotic in Indonesia. The objective of this research was to assess the sensitivity of B. anthracis isolates from Central Java, East Java, and Yogyakarta to penicillin and tetracycline. Sixteen B. anthracis isolates from DIC Wates collected between 1990-2021 recovered from environmental samples were used in this study. All isolates were identified by phenotype, then tested for sensitivity to penicillin and tetracycline by agar diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) and broth dilution method. The data obtained were compared with the standard and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that all isolates were B. anthracis. One of 16 isolates (6,25%) consistently showed resistance to penicillin, but was sensitive to tetracycline, while 15 isolates (93,75%) showed sensitive to both antibiotics. A penicillin-resistant isolate was soil sample from anthrax endemic area. In conclusion, there was B. anthracis isolate that was found resistance to penicillin. Therefore, tetracycline can be used as an alternative for anthrax treatment.
This research aims to know the influence of the farmer breeder characteristics on the business scale which measured by livestock number owned. This research was conducted in the city of Probolinggo, East Java. The respondents in this study included beef cattle farmer breeders who are the active members of Bumi Karomah group. The number of respondents were 30 peoples. Data were collected through interviews using a questionnaire. Data in this research were analyzed using multiple regression analysis to test the influence of beef cattle farmer breeder characteristics on business scale. Multiple linear regression analysis result showed that age, number of family burden and cattle raising experience do not affect significantly to business scale owned by farmer breeders with determination coefficient 17% means that the characteristics of breeders on in family burden variables affects the number of business scale only by 17%, and the rest is affected by other variables. Meaning, that the diversity of the three characteristics of the breeder are not strong enough to explain the diversity of the business scale.
Synchronization of feed sources of energy and protein can produce a positive influence on microbial protein synthesis, especially in ruminants that are fed low quality feed such as corn waste. Corn waste, including corn straw and corn peri carp are widely used as beef cattle feed. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of synchronizing the rate degradation of protein and energy of feed base on corn waste on rumen fermentation characteristic and synthesis protein microbial on 24 hours in vitro condition. The three synchronization index levels in corn-based feed waste are 0.4 (low); 0.5 (moderate) and 0.6 (high) were used in this study. Characteristics of rumen fermentation observed were pH, individual volatile fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid), NH3, C02, CH4, degradation of organic matter, microbial protein production, and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Increasing the synchronization index level caused a significant increase (P<0.05) of NH3 (53.60 to 59.07 mg/L) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (14.83 to 17.87) , but high synchronization index decrease (P<0.05) the concentration of acetic acid (22.45 mM to 15.95 mM), estimated CO2 (18.69 to 15.50 mol) and CH4 (11.49 to 7.98) in rumen fluid. This result indicated that the improvement of synchronization index can improve the productivity of livestock through increase efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and it reduce global warming.
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