<p>Thromboangitis obliterans (TAO) atau Buerger’s disease merupakan penyakit inflamasi non aterosklerotik yang ditandai dengan oklusi segmental pada pembuluh darah arteri kecil dan sedang serta pembuluh darah vena baik ekstremitas atas maupun bawah. Etiologi TAO masih belum diketahui, tetapi berkaitan erat dengan kebiasaan merokok. Diagnosis berdasarkan riwayat dan gejala klinis, pemeriksaan fisik dan pemeriksaan penunjang. Penghentian penggunaan tembakau menjadi terapi definitif dan efektif. Terapi lain antara lain dengan obat-obatan, bedah revaskularisasi, terapi endovaskuler, penggunaan sel induk/stem cell, simpatektomi dan stimulasi saraf tulang belakang.</p><p>Thromboangitis obliterans (TAO) or Buerger’s disease is a non-atherosclerotic inflammatory disease characterized by segmental occlusion; commonly affects small and medium-sized arteries and veins in upper and lower extremities. The etiology of TAO is still unknown, but closely related to smoking. Diagnosis is based on clinical features with a compatible history, physical examination, laboratory test and imaging. There is no standard therapy for this disease. Tobacco use cessation is the definitive and effective therapy. Other therapies include drugs, revascularization surgery, endovascular therapy, use of stem cells, sympathectomy and spinal cord stimulation.</p><p> </p>
Anthrax is a neglected zoonotic disease that remains a global issue because it can cause regular epidemics. Anthrax affects not only health systems but also social-economic conditions, safety, and welfare of the people. This paper aimed to give an overview of human anthrax, prevalence, and prevention in Indonesia. A literature search was performed using search engines such as Google Scholar, Crossref, Mendeley, PLoS One, Elsevier, dan the Ministry of Health official website. The literature used were published between 2015-2020. Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis that affects animals and humans. The virulence factors of these bacteria are determined by the tripartite toxin complex and poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule. Anthrax in humans can be found in four forms, namely cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalational, and injection anthrax. Each form of anthrax can develop into meningitis and sepsis. Anthrax treatment is commonly done by administering antibiotics. In Indonesia, 14 provinces have been declared anthrax endemic areas. The prevalence of human anthrax in Indonesia is fluctuating and most of it is cutaneous anthrax. Prevention and control of anthrax can be done mainly by vaccination, obeying the rules or standard operating procedures of the authorities, multisectoral cooperation, strengthening anthrax surveillance, increasing resources for diagnosis, increasing public knowledge, and awareness.
Thromboangitis obliterans (TAO) atau Buerger’s disease merupakan penyakit inflamasi non-aterosklerotik yang ditandai dengan oklusi segmental pada pembuluh darah arteri kecil dan sedang serta pembuluh darah vena baik ekstremitas atas maupun bawah. Etiologi TAO masih belum diketahui, tetapi berkaitan erat dengan kebiasaan merokok. Diagnosis berdasarkan riwayat dan gejala klinis, pemeriksaan fisik, dan pemeriksaan penunjang. Penghentian penggunaan tembakau menjadi terapi definitif dan efektif. Terapi lain di antaranya dengan obat-obatan, bedah revaskularisasi, terapi endovaskular, penggunaan sel induk/stem cell, simpatektomi, dan stimulasi saraf tulang belakang. Thromboangitis obliterans (TAO) or Buerger’s disease is a non-atherosclerotic inflammatory disease characterized by segmental occlusion; commonly affects small and medium-sized arteries and veins in upper and lower extremities. The etiology of TAO is still unknown, but closely related to smoking. Diagnosis is based on clinical features with a compatible history, physical examination, laboratory test, and and imaging. There is no standard therapy for this disease. Tobacco use cessation is the definitive and effective therapy. Other therapies include drugs, revascularization surgery, endovascular therapy, use of stem cells, sympathectomy, and spinal cord stimulation.
Rickettsioses merupakan salah satu penyakit tular vektor yang kurang menjadi perhatian karena gejalanya tidak spesifik pada fase awal penyakit sehingga sulit dibedakan dengan infeksi lain dan keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana laboratorium untuk konfirmasi diagnosis. Di Indonesia, rickettsioses belum dimasukkan sebagai diagnosis banding untuk deteksi infeksi penyakit lainnya, seperti infeksi dengue, malaria, demam tifoid, dan leptospirosis di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, baik di puskesmas maupun rumah sakit. Hadirnya buku ini diharapkan bisa memberikan penjelasan tentang rickettsioses secara komprehensif sehingga informasi yang didapatkan tidak terpotong-potong serta lebih memudahkan dalam mempelajari dan memahaminya. Buku atau sumber sejenis yang membahas topik tentang rickettsioses sudah banyak, tetapi tidak membahas secara komprehensif, bahkan di Indonesia belum ada. Semoga buku ini dapat bermanfaat dan menjadi referensi bagi orang yang berkecimpung dalam bidang parasitologi dan penyakit tropis, peneliti yang mendalami rickettsioses, mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis (PPDS) ahli parasitologi, serta mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran dan fakultas kesehatan masyarakat yang ingin mendalami rickettsioses. Selamat membaca!
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