How stalk-eyed flies eye stalk-eyed flies: Observations and measurements of the eyes ofCyrtodiopsis whitei (Diopsidae, Diptera)

Burkhardt, Dietrich; Motte, Ingrid de la

doi:10.1007/bf00605457

Cited by 80 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Nearly all of the remaining profiles are much smaller. The composition of the optic nerve is similar to that of C. whitei, in which Burkhardt and de la Motte (1983) reported four giant profiles (2-4 m), 40 slightly smaller (1-2 m), and slightly more than 6000 very small profiles (under 1 m). At the entrance to the protocerebrum, the nerve diverges into several different bundles.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 72%

Visual system of the stalk-eyed fly,Cyrtodiopsis quinqueguttata (Diopsidae, Diptera): an anatomical investigation of unusual eyes

Buschbeck

Hoy

1998

J. Neurobiol.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 72%

Visual system of the stalk-eyed fly,Cyrtodiopsis quinqueguttata (Diopsidae, Diptera): an anatomical investigation of unusual eyes

Buschbeck

Hoy

1998

J. Neurobiol.

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“…In other species, males try to impress their competitors in order to avoid a physical fight (e.g. calling in natterjack toads and ritualized fights in chameleons and stalk-eyed flies [4][5][6]). In those taxa where males engage in actual physical fights, they have often developed weapons by sexual selection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite-element modelling reveals force modulation of jaw adductors in stag beetles

Goyens

Soons

Aerts

et al. 2014

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Male stag beetles carry large and heavy mandibles that arose through sexual selection over mating rights. Although the mandibles of Cyclommatus metallifer males are used in pugnacious fights, they are surprisingly slender. Our bite force measurements show a muscle force reduction of 18% for tip biting when compared with bites with the teeth located halfway along the mandibles. This suggests a behavioural adaptation to prevent failure. We confirmed this by constructing finite-element (FE) models that mimic both natural bite situations as well as the hypothetical situation of tip biting without muscle force modulation. These models, based on micro-CT images, investigate the material stresses in the mandibles for different combinations of bite location and muscle force. Young's modulus of the cuticle was experimentally determined to be 5.1 GPa with the double indentation method, and the model was validated by digital image correlation on living beetles. FE analysis proves to be a valuable tool in the investigation of the trade-offs of (animal) weapon morphology and usage. Furthermore, the demonstrated bite force modulation in male stag beetles suggests the presence of mechanosensors inside the armature.

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“…However, spontaneous head rotations during turning were only approximately 158 for both males and females (table 2 in Burkhardt & de la Motte 1983). We were interested to test whether the difference in eye span between the sexes results in changes in head rotation dynamics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saccadic head rotations during walking in the stalk-eyed fly (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni)

2009

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In stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae), the eyes are positioned at the end of rigid peduncles protruding laterally from the head. Sexual selection for eye span in male Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni results in eye span that exceeds body length and exceeds the eye span of females. We studied whether the twofold higher moment of inertia (MOI ) of the male head results in a reduced head rotation velocity during turning. We analysed films of flies performing walking turns and compared the head kinematics between the sexes. The significance of head rotation to turning was evaluated from the turning kinematics of flies with immobilized (glued) heads. Male and female C. dalmanni rotated their heads relative to the surrounding environment 1.55-fold (male) and 1.65-fold (female) faster than the angular velocity of the body by performing rapid head saccades. During the larger turns, flies with immobilized heads were unable to reorient gaze as fast as the control flies. Despite the larger MOI of the head, male C. dalmanni match the head saccade of females suggesting that eye span elongation is coupled by an adaptation of the neck apparatus to rotate the wider head.

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How stalk-eyed flies eye stalk-eyed flies: Observations and measurements of the eyes ofCyrtodiopsis whitei (Diopsidae, Diptera)

Cited by 80 publications

References 16 publications

Visual system of the stalk-eyed fly,Cyrtodiopsis quinqueguttata (Diopsidae, Diptera): an anatomical investigation of unusual eyes

Visual system of the stalk-eyed fly,Cyrtodiopsis quinqueguttata (Diopsidae, Diptera): an anatomical investigation of unusual eyes

Finite-element modelling reveals force modulation of jaw adductors in stag beetles

Saccadic head rotations during walking in the stalk-eyed fly (Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni)

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