“…Many empirical studies analyze the determinants of environmental quality (Cetin 2016 ; Cetin et al 2018a ; Chien et al 2021a , 2022 ; Sun et al 2021 , 2022 ; Farooq et al 2021 ; Anwar et al 2021a , b , 2022a , b ; Habiba et al 2022 ; Çetin et al 2022 ; Liu et al 2022 ). Recent studies have focused on various determinants of environmental quality such as renewable energy (Sharif et al 2020 ), tourism (Wangzhou et al 2022 ), natural resources (Safdar et al 2022 ), political instability (Sohail et al 2022 ), globalization (Karaduman 2022 ), income inequality (Ozturk et al 2021 ), insurance sector (Li et al 2022 ), agriculture sector (Çetin et al 2020 ), information and communication technology (Chien et al 2021b ), urbanization (Cetin et al 2018b ).…”