The environmental pollution caused by climate change and global warming pose significant risks to health. This raises the question how environmental disturbances can affect health expenditures. Based on this, this study examines the asymmetric effect of environmental quality on health expenditures in Türkiye using the non-linear ARDL (NARDL) model for the 1975–2019 period. In addition to environmental quality, natural resources, economic growth, and trade openness variables are also included in the health expenditure model. The findings support the existence of an asymmetric cointegration relationship between the series. The findings also indicate that positive environmental pollution shocks affect health expenditures positively in the long run, while negative environmental pollution shocks do not have a statistically significant effect on health expenditures. Positive and negative natural resource shocks affect health expenditures negatively in the long run. Despite the effect of positive economic growth shocks on health expenditures is positive but statistically insignificant, the effect of negative economic growth shocks is positive and significant. Besides, positive trade openness shocks have a negative effect on health expenditures and negative trade openness shocks have a positive effect. The findings prove that the steps to be taken to protect the environment in the current period will increase the effectiveness of health expenditures in the future. This situation has a guiding feature for policy-makers in terms of policy decisions.
Bu çalışmasının temel amacı, ekonomik büyüme ve çevre kirliliği arasındaki ilişkiyi ters-U şeklinde açıklayan Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezinin geçerliliğini Türkiye ekonomisinde 1960-2014 dönemi itibariyle araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla karbon emisyonu, kişi başına reel gelir, kişi başına reel gelirin karesi, enerji tüketimi ve ticari dışa açıklık değişkenleri kullanılarak 3 farklı regresyon modeli oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmada değişkenlerin durağanlık derecelerinin tespiti için ADF, PP ve KPSS birim kök testleri kullanılmıştır. Birim kök test sonuçları, değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönem ilişkisinin tespiti için ARDL sınır testinin kullanılmasına izin vermektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin incelenmesinde ARDL sınır testi kullanılmıştır. Son aşamada ise ARDL modeli çerçevesinde değişkenlerin uzun ve kısa dönem katsayıları tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, uzun dönemde üç modelde de ÇKE hipotezinin Türkiye ekonomisi için geçerliliğini desteklemiştir. Sonuçlar aynı zamanda Türkiye ekonomisi için önemli politika önerileri sunmaktadır.
Lately, the use of patient‐reported outcome measures (PROM) to adapt and improve ongoing psychotherapeutic treatments has become more widespread. Their main purpose is to support data‐informed, collaborative treatment decisions which include the patient's point of view on their progress. In case of nonresponse or deterioration, these systems are able to warn clinicians and guide the process “back on track” in treatment. In this case illustration, the Greifswald Psychotherapy Navigator System (GPNS) detected the deterioration of 19‐year‐old Sarah during the first eight sessions of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for social anxiety and depression. Here, the GPNS helped the therapist gain insight as to how Sarah's social anxiety affected their treatment and adjust her strategy accordingly. Using the symptom curves and progress scales of the GPNS, the therapist was able to then address her patient's struggles in detail during their sessions and with her supervisor. After adapting her therapeutic approach, the patient's deterioration could be averted while simultaneously strengthening their communication in the process. Clinical implications and the benefits of using PROM systems for evidence‐based personalization of psychotherapy are presented.
Bu çalışmada ticari dışa açıklığın enerji tüketimi üzerindeki etkisi, Türkiye ekonomisi bağlamında 1970-2015 döneminde araştırılmıştır. Serilerin durağanlık derecelerinin tespiti için DF-GLS, KPSS ve Ng-Perron Research Problem: This study's main aim is to investigate the link between trade openness and energy consumption over the period 1970-2015 in the example of Turkish economy. In other words, we examined the impact of trade openness on energy consumption in Turkey. The empirical results obtained from the study will provide important energy policy implications for Turkish economy.Research Questions: Is trade openness an important determinant of energy policy? Does trade openness positively affects energy demand and consumption? Does trade openness decrease energy demand and consumption?Literature Review: The theoretical literature suggests two hypotheses regarding with the link between trade openness and energy consumption. According the first hypothesis, trade openness has a positive effect on energy consumption. Here, market liberalization increases investments and industrialization, therefore, economic growth and energy demand are occured. According to the second hypothesis, trade openness negatively affects energy consumption. Here, market liberalization causes energy efficiency technologies and products, therefore, energy consumption is decreased due to the high energy efficiency. The empirical literature has generally presented complex and inconsistent results. In addition, there exists very limited studies related with Turkish economy. We used trade openness as a main determinant of energy consumption function. We made use of several databases such as Science Direct, Springer, Wiley Online Library, Taylor and Francis, and World Bank to cary out this study. Methodology:This study has used several econometric methods to deal with the link between trade openness and energy consumption for Turkish economy. We followed a four-step empirical strategy to analyze the relationship between trade openness and energy consumption. In the first step, we used the DF-GLS, KPSS and Ng-Perron conventional unit root tests and Vogelsang-Perron unit root test with structural break to investigate the unit root properties of the variables. In the second step, the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration was employed to test the existence of long run relationship between the variables. This approach has important advantages compared with the classical cointegration tests such as Johansen, Engle-Granger and Stock-Watson tests. In the third step, we used the OLS estimation technique to estimate the long run and the short run parameters in the context of ARDL model. In the final step, the Toda-Yamamoto causality test was applied to examine the causal linkages between the variables. Results and Conclusions:The results of DF-GLS, KPSS and Ng-Perron unit root tests showed that the variables were stationary at their first difference. Vogelsang-Perron AO unit root test results showed that trade openness, urbanization and financia...
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