How are Strouhal number, drag, and efficiency adjusted in high level underwater monofin-swimming?

Nicolas, Guillaume; Bideau, Benoît; Colobert, Briac; Berton, Éric

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2007.03.002

Cited by 30 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Moreover, any estimation has a small to large bias. In this sense, it was decided not to estimate the projected surface area but to actually measure it with a photometric technique popularized in the recent years (Caspersen et al, 2010;Nicolas & Bideau, 2009;Nicolas, Bideau, Colobert, & Berton, 2007;Vilas-Boas et al, 2010). To the best of our knowledge, there is no study regarding dv in children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of speed fluctuation and drag force in young swimmers: A gender comparison

Barbosa

Costa

Morais

et al. 2013

Human Movement Science

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a b s t r a c tThe aim of this study was to compare the speed fluctuation and the drag force in young swimmers between genders. Twenty-three young pubertal swimmers (12 boys and 11 girls) volunteered as subjects. Speed fluctuation was measured using a kinematical mechanical method (i.e., speedo-meter) during a maximal 25-m front crawl bout. Active drag, active drag coefficient and power needed to overcome drag were measured with the velocity perturbation method for another two maximal 25 m front crawl bouts with and without the perturbation device. Passive drag and the passive drag coefficient were estimated using the gliding decay velocity method after a maximal push-off from the wall while being fully immersed. The technique drag index was also assessed as a ratio between active and passive drag. Boys presented meaningfully higher speed fluctuation, active drag, power needed to overcome drag and technique drag index than the girls. There were no significant gender differences for active drag coefficient, passive drag and passive drag coefficient. There were positive and moderate-strong associations between active drag and speed fluctuation when controlling the effects of swim velocity. So, increasing speed fluctuation leads to higher drag force values and those are even higher for boys than for girls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of speed fluctuation and drag force in young swimmers: A gender comparison

Barbosa

Costa

Morais

et al. 2013

Human Movement Science

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“…The characteristics of kick leg induced in Mfswimming are traditionally compared with the dolphin movement (e.g. Nicolas et al 2007;von Loebbecke et al 2009). The technique of dolphin kick is continuously used during various Mf swimming distances ranging from 50 to 1,500 m in the context of pool racing and until 20 km in outdoor conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To generate a propulsive force, the Mf swimmer gives acceleration to a mass of water, which acquires in return kinetic energy. Mf swimming has been mainly the subject of kinematic investigations focusing on the analysis of active drag, produced impulsive forces or undulation characteristics (Nicolas and Bideau 2009;Nicolas et al 2007;Rejman 1999). Based on the swimming model (Toussaint and Truijens 2005), the Mf-swimming performance depends mainly on the capacity of the swimmer to produce a high-mechanical power output enabling the generation of high-propulsive forces while reducing both active drag and energy expenditure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using a model of energy conversion specific to aquatic locomotion (Daniel 1991), a number of parameters may affect this mechanical work and thereby, the overall performance in high level Mf swimming. Within this framework, a great part of the energy expenditure is utilized to contribute to useful thrust and to overcome active drag, which may be considered as one of external components influencing aquatic performance (di Prampero et al 1974;Nicolas et al 2007). Recently, Nicolas and Bideau (2009) have shown that active drag was significantly higher at the surface compared to the underwater Mf swimming, suggesting an increase in Ec to overcome hydrodynamic resistances when Mf swimmers practice at the surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large variations of K F may affect the propelling characteristics (i.e. vertical amplitude) at the surface (Nicolas et al 2007) and thereby, active drag and Ec for a given speed. In comparison with cyclic terrestrial activities, the specific analysis of the relationship between the movement pattern and Ec is missing in the context of aquatic locomotion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kick frequency affects the energy cost of aquatic locomotion in elite monofin swimmers

et al. 2010

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of kick frequency (K(F)) on the energy cost of aquatic locomotion in elite monofin (Mf) swimmers at the surface. Eight subjects of international calibre (4 females, 4 males) were requested to perform in a 50-m outdoor swimming pool: (1) a continuous multi-stage incremental test to determine maximal physiological responses and (2) a submaximal exercise composed of five constant Mf-swimming tests (600-m exercise, 5-min rest) at an intensity corresponding to 90% of the velocity at the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The first submaximal Mf-swimming test was systematically conducted at a freely chosen K(F) (FCK(F)) and the other tests were performed at FCK(F) - 15%, FCK(F) - 10%, FCK(F) + 10% and FCK(F) + 20% in a random order. No significant effect of K(F) on ventilation, heart rate and blood lactate concentration was observed throughout the submaximal Mf-swimming tests. However, mean values in Ec or fraction of VO2max were significantly lower during the FCK(F) + 10% condition as compared to those observed during the FCK(F) - 15% (-11.5 and -9.6%, respectively, P < 0.05) and FCK(F) - 10% (-10.4 and -9.3%, respectively, P < 0.05) conditions. In conclusion, the lack of significant differences between FCK(F) + 10% and FCK(F) or FCK(F) + 20% does not allow to identify a specific trend, but suggests the occurrence of an energetically optimal K(F) close to that freely chosen by the Mf swimmers. Variations in muscle activity level and active drag have been hypothesized to explain the observed differences in Ec consecutive to the selection of various K(F).

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A comparison of the kinematics of the dolphin kick in humans and cetaceans

Loebbecke

Mittal

Fish

et al. 2009

Human Movement Science

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How are Strouhal number, drag, and efficiency adjusted in high level underwater monofin-swimming?

Cited by 30 publications

References 23 publications

Characterization of speed fluctuation and drag force in young swimmers: A gender comparison

Characterization of speed fluctuation and drag force in young swimmers: A gender comparison

Kick frequency affects the energy cost of aquatic locomotion in elite monofin swimmers

A comparison of the kinematics of the dolphin kick in humans and cetaceans

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