Characterization of speed fluctuation and drag force in young swimmers: A gender comparison

Barbosa, Tiago M.; Costa, Mário J.; Morais, Jorge E.; Morouço, Pedro; Moreira, Helena; Garrido, Nuno; Marinho, Daniel A.; Silva, Alcino J.

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2012.07.009

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In this sense, data might be analyzed either by gender or pooled sample. As for hydrodynamics, one paper revealed significant differences in D a , D p , and related outcomes, but for pubertal boys and girls (Barbosa et al., ). To the best of our knowledge, no study compares the hydrodynamics between genders at such earlier ages and/or maturational state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A speedometer cable (Swim speedometer, Swimsportec) was attached to the swimmer's hip, and the gliding velocity decay was acquired online ( f = 50 Hz) (Barbosa et al., ). Data were exported to a signal processing software (AcqKnowledge v. 3.9.0, Biopac Systems) and filtered with a 5‐Hz, cut‐off, low‐pass fourth‐order Butterworth filter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Testing ended when swimmers broke the surface and/or were not able to make any further horizontal displacement gliding and/or started any limbs' actions. A speedometer cable (Swim speedometer, Swimsportec) was attached to the swimmer's hip, and the gliding velocity decay was acquired online (f = 50 Hz) ( Barbosa et al, 2013). Data were exported to a signal processing software (AcqKnowledge v. 3.9.0, Biopac Systems) and filtered with a 5-Hz, cut-off, low-pass fourthorder Butterworth filter.…”

Section: Passive Dragmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrodynamic profile of young swimmers: Changes over a competitive season

Barbosa

Morais

Marques

et al. 2014

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the hydrodynamic profile of young swimmers over a competitive season and to compare the variations according to a well-designed training periodization. Twenty-five swimmers (13 boys and 12 girls) were evaluated in (a) October (M1); (b) March (M2); and (c) June (M3). Inertial and anthropometrical measures included body mass, swimmer's added water mass, height, and trunk transverse surface area. Swimming efficiency was estimated by the speed fluctuation, stroke index, and approximate entropy. Active drag was estimated with the velocity perturbation method and the passive drag with the gliding decay method. Hydrodynamic dimensionless numbers (Froude and Reynolds numbers) and hull velocity (i.e., speed at Froude number = 0.42) were also calculated. No variable presented a significant gender effect. Anthropometrics and inertial parameters plus dimensionless numbers increased over time. Swimming efficiency improved between M1 and M3. There was a trend for both passive and active drag increase from M1 to M2, but being lower at M3 than at M1. Intra-individual changes between evaluation moments suggest high between- and within-subject variations. Therefore, hydrodynamic changes over a season occur in a non-linear fashion way, where the interplay between growth and training periodization explain the unique path flow selected by each young swimmer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Passive Dragmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrodynamic profile of young swimmers: Changes over a competitive season

Barbosa

Morais

Marques

et al. 2014

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…The swimmers were advised to reduce gliding during the start. A speedometer cable (Swim Speedo-Meter; Swimsportec, Hildesheim, Germany) was attached to the swimmer's hip (3). The speedometer was placed on the forehead wall of the swimming pool, about 0.2 m above water surface.…”

Section: Kinematics and Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Power Output and Sprinting Performance of Young Swimmers

Barbosa

Morais

Marques

et al. 2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The aim of this article was to compare swimming power output between boys and girls and to model the relationship between swimming power output and sprinting performance in young swimmers. One hundred young swimmers (49 boys and 51 girls, aged between 11 and 13 years) underwent a test battery including anthropometrics (body mass, height, arm span [AS], and trunk transverse surface area), kinematic and efficiency (velocity, stroke frequency, stroke length, speed fluctuation, normalized speed fluctuation, stroke index, and Froude efficiency), hydrodynamics (active drag and active drag coefficient), and power output (power to overcome drag, power to transfer kinetic energy to water, and external power) assessments and sprinting performance (official 100 freestyle race). All variables but the trunk transverse surface area, stroke length normalize to AS, speed fluctuation, active drag coefficient, and Froude efficiency were significantly higher in boys than in girls with moderate-strong effects. Comparing both sexes but controlling the effect of the sprinting performance, most variables presented a no-significant variation. There was a significant and strong relationship between power output and sprinting performance: y = 24.179x (R = 0.426; standard error of estimation = 0.485; p < 0.001). As a conclusion, boys presented better performances than girls because of their higher power output. There is a cubed relationship between power output and sprinting performance in young swimmers.

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“…Young male swimmers have a higher speed fluctuation, active drag, power needed to overcome and technique drag index than young female swimmers [40]. Male freestyle swimmers have also a greater stroke length than female swimmers [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in breaststroke swimming performances in national and international athletes competing between 1994 and 2011 –a comparison with freestyle swimming performances

Wolfrum

Rüst

Rosemann

et al. 2014

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil

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BackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to analyse potential changes in performance of elite breaststroke swimmers competing at national and international level and to compare to elite freestyle swimming performance.MethodsTemporal trends in performance of elite breaststroke swimmers were analysed from records of the Swiss Swimming Federation and the FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation) World Swimming Championships during the 1994–2011 period. Swimming speeds of elite female and male breaststroke swimmers competing in 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m were examined using linear regression, non-linear regression and analysis of variance. Results of breaststroke swimmers were compared to results of freestyle swimmers.ResultsSwimming speed in both strokes improved significantly (p < 0.0001-0.025) over time for both sexes, with the exception of 50 m breaststroke for FINA men. Sex differences in swimming speed increased significantly over time for Swiss freestyle swimmers (p < 0.0001), but not for FINA swimmers for freestyle, while the sex difference remained stable for Swiss and FINA breaststroke swimmers. The sex differences in swimming speed decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) with increasing race distance.ConclusionsThe present study showed that elite male and female swimmers competing during the 1994–2011 period at national and international level improved their swimming speed in both breaststroke and freestyle. The sex difference in freestyle swimming speed consistently increased in athletes competing at national level, whereas it remained unchanged in athletes competing at international level. Future studies should investigate temporal trends for recent time in other strokes, to determine whether this improvement is a generalized phenomenon.

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Characterization of speed fluctuation and drag force in young swimmers: A gender comparison

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

Hydrodynamic profile of young swimmers: Changes over a competitive season

Hydrodynamic profile of young swimmers: Changes over a competitive season

The Power Output and Sprinting Performance of Young Swimmers

Changes in breaststroke swimming performances in national and international athletes competing between 1994 and 2011 –a comparison with freestyle swimming performances

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