“…Owing to their facile preparation, eco-friendly nature, and non-toxicity ( El-Boubbou, 2018 ; Xie et al, 2018 ; Ashraf et al, 2019 ), they have found extensive applications in drug delivery ( Duran et al, 2008 ), fluid transport ( Latham and Williams, 2008 ), hyperthermia ( Mornet et al, 2004 ), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) ( Casula et al, 2011 ), and environmental remediation ( Lu et al, 2004 ). Some of the processes currently carried out by these heterogeneous catalysts include Rh(III)-catalyzed synthesis of dibenzo [b,d]pyran-6-ones from aryl ketone O-acetyl oximes and quinones via C–H activation and C–C bond cleavage ( Rezayati et al, 2016 ; Yang et al, 2022 ), hydrolysis of ammonia borane by highly active Fe 36 Co 44 bimetallic nanocluster catalysts ( Huo et al, 2022 ), and phosphate-modified Pt/CeO 2 catalysis for total oxidation of light alkanes ( Huang et al, 2022 ). Recently, the application of metal oxide MNPs, and particularly Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, has been the focus of many studies.…”