High-Resolution, Sensitivity-Enhanced Active Resonator Sensor Using Substrate-Embedded Channel for Characterizing Low-Concentration Liquid Mixtures

Mohammadi, Sevda; Adhikari, Kishor Kumar; Jain, Mandeep Chhajer; Zarifi, Mohammad H.

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2021.3109599

Cited by 67 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…When a sample is placed in the sensing area, it will induce shifts of resonant frequency and notch magnitude, which could be used to retrieve the dielectric properties of the loaded sample. The mainstream resonators include split-ring resonators (SRR), complementary SRRs (CSRR) [ 9 , 10 ], electric-LC (ELC) resonators [ 11 ], defected ground structures (DGS) [ 12 ], stepped impedance resonators [ 13 ], and spiral resonators [ 14 ]. Specific functionalities such as dual mode, compact size, and differential measurements require further investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, several efforts have been devoted to improving the sensor quality factor. A three-stage coupled SRR structure was employed in [ 23 ], and an active feedback loop was introduced in [ 9 ] to increase the sensor resolution. However, the sensitivities of these sensors were relatively low due to their limited sensing area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Improved Split-Ring Resonator-Based Sensor for Microfluidic Applications

Wang

et al. 2022

Sensors

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This study proposes an ultrahigh-sensitivity split-ring resonator-based microwave sensor for retrieving the complex permittivity of liquid samples. An interdigital capacitor structure was used to expand the sensing area and the sensitivity. A defected ground structure and A parallel dual split-ring resonator were introduced to improve the quality factor. A polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic channel substrate was placed above the interdigital capacitor structure. The channel route coincided with the interdigital gap to fully utilize the strong electric field. Ethanol–water solutions with varying ethanol fractions were injected into the channel as the testing liquid. It was demonstrated that the variation in resonant frequency can be used to retrieve the dielectric properties of liquid samples. The proposed sensor used a small liquid volume of ~0.68 μL and provided values in good agreement with the reference data.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Improved Split-Ring Resonator-Based Sensor for Microfluidic Applications

Wang

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…The non-resonant MTM technique, which is based on the transmission lines, was initially proposed by Iyer et al [ 2 ], A. Oliner [ 3 ], and C. Caloz et al [ 4 ] to achieve a negative refractive index medium and artificial left-handed materials. The resonant MTM technique is based on sub-wavelength resonant components such as split ring resonators (SRR) [ 5 ] and complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) [ 6 ]. The SRR was proposed by John Pendry et al [ 7 ] as a resonant magnetic particle capable of achieving effective negative permeability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Design Optimization and Calibration of Microwave Sensors Based on Equivalent Complementary Resonators for High Sensitivity and Low Fabrication Tolerance

Haq

Koziel

2023

Sensors

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This paper presents the design, optimization, and calibration of multivariable resonators for microwave dielectric sensors. An optimization technique for the circular complementary split ring resonator (CC-SRR) and square complementary split ring resonator (SC-SRR) is presented to achieve the required transmission response in a precise manner. The optimized resonators are manufactured using a standard photolithographic technique and measured for fabrication tolerance. The fabricated sensor is presented for the high-resolution characterization of dielectric substrates and oil samples. A three-dimensional dielectric container is attached to the sensor and acts as a pool for the sample under test (SUT). In the presented technique, the dielectric substrates and oil samples can interact directly with the electromagnetic (EM) field emitted from the resonator. For the sake of sensor calibration, a relation between the relative permittivity of the dielectric samples and the resonant frequency of the sensor is established in the form of an inverse regression model. Comparisons with state-of-the-art sensors indicate the superiority of the presented design in terms of oil characterization reliability. The significant technical contributions of this work include the employment of the rigorous optimization of geometry parameters of the sensor, leading to its superior performance, and the development and application of the inverse-model-based calibration procedure.

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“…Gas sensors are able to detect their presence and type, and they are very useful in industries 39,40 . The various methods used in the papers include rat race coupled, 41 parallel coupled, 42 phase variation, 43 near‐field self‐injection‐locked and spiral bandgap, 44 GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuit, 45 coplanar waveguide‐fed wearable antenna, 46 ring loaded monopole antenna, 47 wireless networks, 48,49 and split‐ring resonators (SRR) 50–52 . In Ebrahimi et al, 53 the dielectric properties of the samples are determined using a complementary SRR (CSRR) structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of low‐loss aqueous solutions permittivity with high detection accuracy by a contact and free‐label resonance microwave sensor

Navaei

Rezaei

Kiani

2022

Int J Communication

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SummaryIn this paper, a microwave sensor is designed and built to measure the permittivity of aqueous solutions. The samples used in this experiment are different purities of ethanol mixed with water. Ethanol solution with different purities is a widely used material in industry. Structures of meander, ladder, and T‐structure were used to design the sensor. Then the designed sensor is simulated in CST software in range of relative dielectric from 10 to 80. After obtaining the desired answer in the simulation, the proposed sensor is built on the Rogers 4003 substrate, the built‐in sensor measured ethanol solution with a purity of 5% to 35% (equivalent to permittivity of 76 to 58), and is showed a sensitivity of 4% and a Q‐factor of 3500. The results of simulation and measurement are consistent with each other, and they indicated that the proposed sensor beyond the fluids can be supported and determine their relative dielectrics.

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High-Resolution, Sensitivity-Enhanced Active Resonator Sensor Using Substrate-Embedded Channel for Characterizing Low-Concentration Liquid Mixtures

Cited by 67 publications

References 59 publications

An Improved Split-Ring Resonator-Based Sensor for Microfluidic Applications

An Improved Split-Ring Resonator-Based Sensor for Microfluidic Applications

Rapid Design Optimization and Calibration of Microwave Sensors Based on Equivalent Complementary Resonators for High Sensitivity and Low Fabrication Tolerance

Measurement of low‐loss aqueous solutions permittivity with high detection accuracy by a contact and free‐label resonance microwave sensor

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