Hierarchical Carbon@SnS₂ Aerogel with “Skeleton/Skin” Architectures as a High-Capacity, High-Rate Capability and Long Cycle Life Anode for Sodium Ion Storage

Abstract

Developing high-performance electrode materials with high energy and long-term cycling stability is a hot topic and of great importance for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). In this work, a highly porous carbon/tin sulfide aerogel with a “skeleton/skin” morphology (SSC@SnS2) has been developed and further used as a binder-free anode for SIBs. This SSC@SnS2 electrode delivers a high specific capacity of 612 mA h g–1 at 0.1 A g–1, a good rate capability, and a long-term cycling stability up to 1000 times with an average Coulombic efficiency of ∼99.9%. Meanwhile, this SSC@SnS2 aerogel also achieves a stable cycling performance even at a high current density up to 5.0 A g–1. The fast-yet-stable sodium ion storage performance of the prepared SSC@SnS2 aerogel can be ascribed to the reasons that (i) the carbon nanofiber/graphene skeleton provides unimpeded pathways for the rapid transfer of electrons; (ii) thin SnS2 skin with nonaggregated morphology can provide a great number of active sites for sodium ion storage; (iii) the porous structure of the SSC@SnS2 aerogel ensures a rapid penetration of electrolyte and can further accommodate the volume expansion of active SnS2 nanoflakes; and (iv) the intermediate product of Na15Sn4 alloy contributes greatly to the sodium ion storage performance of the SSC@SnS2 aerogel. The excellent electrochemical performances coupling with the unique structural features of this SSC@SnS2 aerogel make it a promising anode candidate for SIBs.

Three‐Dimensional SnS2 Nanoarrays with Enhanced Lithium‐Ion Storage Properties

“…Figure 2g‐2i provide the HRTEM images of 3D C@SnS 2 nanoarrays. Obtained from Figure 2i, the lattice spacing measured is around 0.59 nm, consistent with the (001) plane of the hexagonal SnS 2 , [40–42] which testifies that the SnS 2 nanoarrays are preferentially growing along the (001) crystal orientation [43] . Besides, other two lattice fringes – 0.295 nm and 0.320 nm marked in Figure 2i are associated with the (002) and (100) planes of SnS 2 nanoarrays, respectively.…”

Boosting Sodium Storage of Fe1−xS/MoS2 Composite via Heterointerface Engineering

“…1 g). The existence of C and N elements could be attributed to the formation of N-doped carbon, which is expected to enhance the electronic conductivity of electrode materials [ 48 , 49 ]. For comparison, bare Fe 1− x S nanocubes were also synthesized by the same route without MoS 2 .…”

Nanostructured MoS2‐, SnS2‐, and WS2‐Based Anode Materials for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries via Chemical Methods: A Review Article

“…It shows discharge capacity of 527 mAh g −1 at current density of 20 mA g −1 after 50 cycles, as shown in Figure 6c. Yang et al [ 81 ] developed a binder‐free anode material for SIBs with excellent electrochemical performance. They adopted an in situ technique (Figure 6d) to prepare a hierarchical porous carbon@SnS 2 aerogel with a skeleton/skin morphology (SSC@SnS 2 ) that can be used as a binder‐free anode for SIBs.…”